RNA World Hypothesis Essay

• *Compare and contrast the structure and function of DNA and of RNA molecules. Reference Table 4.1.

When life arose on Earth about 4 billion years ago, the first types of cells to evolve were prokaryotic cells. For approximately 2 billion years, prokaryotic-type cells were the only form of life on Earth. The oldest known sedimentary rocks found in Greenland are about 3.8 billion years old. The oldest known fossils are prokaryotic cells, 3.5 billion years in age, found in Western Australia and South Africa. The nature of these fossils, and the chemical composition of the rocks in which they are found, indicates that these first cells made use of simple chemical reactions to produce energy for their metabolism and growth. Eukaryotic cells evolved into being between 1.5 and 2 billion years ago. Eukaryotic cells appear to have arisen from prokaryotic cells, specifically out of the archaea. Indeed, there are many similarities in molecular biology of contemporary archaea and eukaryotes. However, the origin of the eukaryotic organelles, specifically chloroplasts and mitochondria, is explained by evolutionary associations between primitive nucleated cells and certain respiratory and photosynthetic bacteria, which led to the development of these organelles and the associated explosion of eukaryotic diversity. Today Prokaryotes

Ribonucleic acid (RNA): It is a single nucleic acid supported by adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil supported by ribose sugars. mRNA, rRNA and tRNA.

Only after evolution did DNA take over. Proposed by Sir Francis Crick, he determined that RNA could act as an enzyme and a gene to masterfully create the basis for all life today.

The four names of the nitrogenous bases of the DNA are adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. The word "adenine" was created in the 19th century in German from the Greek words “adēn” "gland" and "in". The word "cytosine" was coined in the 19th century from the German word "cytosin" from cyto- "cell", -ose and the chemical suffix -ine. The word "guanine" comes from the English words "guano" and "ine" and was also created in the 19th century. The word “thymine” comes from words “thymus” and the suffix -ine.

5. RNA developed before DNA because RNA could have been small and still would exist if it was able to fold into a more stable formation. The sequences that folded into a stable formation would be more likely to survive and duplicate that sequence.

In Nielsen’s article “Designing a New Molecule of Life”, he goes into detail of the many factors PNA will offer in the future. PNA can create a breakthrough drug, or may even create artificial life one day. Scientists say the PNA has many similarities as the molecules that have been thought to be the beginning of life. Though the

Mullis came to light. This technology seemed to to hold a promise that it would end human suffering, that it would be the road to a perfect world, where diseases were no longer a threat and pesticides would become an archaic method of the past. This new technology was called PCR, and it was the earliest form of gene editing. Fast forward to today, where another great leap in the science of gene editing has just occurred - one that might be exactly what everyone thought PCR would turn into. This leap has been dubbed CRISPR, and its capabilities make PCR look like, well, nothing. CRISPR uses a device originally found in bacteria called CAS-9 to precisely snip a targeted area of an organism's genome and replace it with the correct gene. CRISPR is by all accounts an amazing technology, but there are some who think it should not be used. CRISPR has

Recollect what people had for lunch. Did any of their lunch things have a nourishment facts name on the back of them? Provided that this is true, and in the event that people observed the sustenance 's protein, sugar, or fat substance, they might as of now be acquainted with a few sorts of vast organic particles, which are going to be discussed in this paper. Therefore, everyone will also be viewed the four major biological macromolecules as are carbohydrates (such as sugars), lipids (such as fats), proteins and nucleic acids (such as RNA and DNA), which all are fundamental forever. A large portion of these molecules is shaped from monomers and polymers. Monomers are small molecules that can be joined by a condensation reaction, in which water is removed to form the bond between two monomers. Whereas polymers are huge molecules, can be degraded by a hydrolysis reaction in which water is added to break the bond between polymers. That’s how the large molecules are formed due to condensation and hydrolysis reaction.

    Secondly, I present to you the “Law” of Biogenesis, which is actually not a law at all. This “Law” states that matter can arise spontaneously from other matter. Some would say that Biogenesis is an existing fact, because of the Miller Urey Experiment. This Experiment, though trying to prove that Biogenesis exists, actually proves exactly the opposite. Miller tries to convey life as a spontaneous event, which formed as the effect of an accidental chemical reaction in the Earth’s atmosphere(Answers). The scientists who conducted this experiment did not use any oxygen to support their replicated atmosphere. Instead they used methane ammonia, even though our earth is supported by oxygen. Although the Miller Urey did

Evidence  for  life  on  early  Earth  (e.g.  in  the  Pre Cambrian)  has  proved  difficult  to  find  because: SELECT  ALL  THAT  APPLY Select  one  or  more: A.  rocks  from  these  early  times  are  rare  due to  the  recycling  of  the  Earth's  crust  through plate  tectonics   B.  there  was  no  oxygen  in  the  Earth's atmosphere  at  this  time C.  life  at  this  time  lacked  hard  parts  (such as  shells  or  bones)  that  fossilise  easily   D.  life  had  not  yet  emerged  onto  land E.  life  at  this  time  was  mostly  microbial

Over break I decided to read The Double Helix by James D. Watson. This book was a fascinating memoir on the discovery of the double helix from the point of view by James Watson. I found his story fascinating due to the fact that in science classes we only see the discovery of what has happened. We never get to learn their story to how this discoveries were uncovered. This is the reason I believe that Watson wrote the story; to enlighten readers on the not so scientific pieces of a scientific discovery. The reader can see many different aspects of Watson’s life: such as relationships, how the discovery had impacted his life, and the time he spends in the lab. Firstly, lets take a look at some of Watson’s relationships.

though inserting genes into other animals, and even through the process of repairing damaged genes in a particular way, through the fibroblasts instigations. Overall Ruppy the beagle was important in leading to the development of CRISPR, and is one of the most important transgenic organisms in it’s history.

That's it... right now the Best Explanation for the Origins of Life is (Design) based on what we have witnessed in the passed and the extraordinary workings within all living cells. Proteins appear to be programmed to perform (Specific Task) based of (Specific Instruction) guided to selection by (Specific Instruction) generated by DNA, that by the way Requires Proteins to self replicate, a sort of Chicken and the Egg paradox!

One of the most revered investigations of Abiogenesis (life arising from non-living matter) is the Miller-Urey experiment conducted in 1952. This experiment (as depicted) involved the simulation of primordial conditions on Earth and testing whether “natural stimulation” such as lighting and heat could have resulted in the synthesis of simple organic compounds. Several compounds thought to have been abundant in the atmosphere 3.8