Rabie Research Paper

The ravenous disease of rabies is present in all countries except Antarctica (“10 Facts on Rabies”). By looking at what rabies is, how to treat it and who created the rabies vaccine, one can learn that the rabies virus is very interesting and frightening.

This article argues the burden of rabies globally and country specific. The key concern of this article is having adequate amounts of data to appropriately report the issue of canine rabies in specific areas. Per the article, rabies is one of the greatest fatal infections that affect humans and other mammals of this world. The article specifically declares canine rabies being the most dangerous strain out of majority cases of rabies. Canine rabies is referred to infection which is spread from a bite of a domestic dog. Domestic dogs are connected with wildlife in industrialized and developing countries which causes them to be a greater threat. Canine rabies is vastly imperative because it is the key cause for over 99% of human deaths worldwide. Now rabies in fact can be 1prevented through prompt administration of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) to victims of bites by rabid animals, and infection can be eliminated at source through sustained mass vaccination of reservoir populations. In developing countries rabies is an endemic which has been poorly controlled. 1A major challenge to estimating the burden of rabies is the absence of reliable surveillance data for countries where the disease is most prevalent. 1Official reporting of incidence data on rabies and rabies exposures remains desperately poor

For many people, being outside in the great outdoors can be very fun and relaxing. It can be a time to get away from your busy schedule, a constant work routine, or simply just to get some fresh air. There are numerous activities and projects an individual could possibly do outside. Including playing sports, hunting, hiking and even just relaxing. Many times though, when people are outside in contact with nature, they are also in contact with various animals. Even though animals can be cute, cuddly and even resourceful, they can still be very dangerous. Animals can be dangerous if they have been exposed to a certain type of virus or disease than can be transferred from animals

Rabies is a disease that is very much ignored and underrated in the western world. The threat of rabies is not a subject of discussion you hear every day, but it should be talked about in school or within the community to be competent when you find yourself in a situation associated with a wild animal. Public Health officials have been warning communities from Connecticut to Florida of ways to prevent exposure to the deadly virus, belonging to the family Rhabdoviridae. It is important to know about rabies because rabies always leads to death.

The rabies virus is a major public health hazard all around the world, despite the strategies that have been put in place to fight this infection. It is estimated that the disease kills an average of 35,000 people every year, mostly in Africa, Latin America, and Asia. It is a viral disease which directly leads to the death of the infected individual or animal. Human beings contract the infection from a bite from a rabid animal, but human to human transmission normally occurs as a result of organ transplantations. The rabies virus is all over the globe except a handful of nations in which there are effective quarantine systems, natural barriers such as rivers and mountains or rigorous eradication of the disease. By 1995,

The mortality rate of rabies is not comparable between North America and continents like Asia and Africa. North America deaths per year are usually about two compared to the thirty thousand in Asia and Africa. In the last one hundred years rabies has changed dramatically in the United States (Finnegan et.al, 2002). There is only one state that is rabies free and that is Hawaii. Around ninety percent of rabies cases take place with wildlife, whereas before 1960 majority came from

Cimino testified after the crew asked him whether temporary support was needed until the connection was complete, he spoke with Midwest’s Superintendent, Robert Sandoval (no relation to Lawrence), to ask whether any such support was required. R. Sandoval testified that upon receiving that inquiry, he checked Cives’ erection drawings in Midwest’s trailer and noted there was not an indication that a temporary support was necessary. He then informed Cimino no support was necessary.

Rabies is thought to be an endemic in the Arctic, Northern Canada and former regions of the Soviet Union (NUNAVUT REF). Rabies is a zoonotic, neuro-invasive disease caused by the Rabies Rhabdovirus Lyssavirus (Merck Veterinary Manual, 2015). The risk of being exposed to rabies is dependent on a variety of factors, including where an animal goes and what wildlife it comes in contact with (VET BRIEF REF). The most commonly affected domestic mammals includes dogs, cattle and cats. The most commonly affected wildlife affected includes foxes, skunks, bats and raccoons (Merck Veterinary Manual, 2015). If the dog becomes infected, the virus attacks the brain. This leads to the brain becoming inflamed and then beginning to deteriorate. The deterioration causes the brain to not function properly, leading to the animal acting abnormal. The abnormal behaviour results in a variety of signs and symptoms, including aggression (Remedy Health Media, 2016). Rabies is a federally reportable disease, including all suspect cases. All reports are investigated by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, in a verified rabies laboratory (Government of Canada, 2016). Rabies is an incredibly important disease for Registered Veterinary Technicians (RVTs) to be aware of, as it is a common concern

There have likewise been some scientific models for dog's rabies that incorporate the controlling impact of human intervention \cite{leungmathematical} utilized a stochastic simulation model to research the effect of human intervention on the progression and persistence of rabies \cite{leungmathematical} investigated the impact of human intervention, such as culling infected dogs, is not merely equivalent to a reduction in the average infection period of the infection. Also research done by \cite{castillo2015pin72}, on the cost-adequacy of a rabies immunization program in dogs to avert human rabies in Colombia. They utilized a Markov model with day by day cycles to plan mimicked progression of the transmission parameters inside the dog population

Rabies belongs to the order Mononegavirales, family Rhabdoviridae, genus Lyssavirus. (7) Six other lyssaviruses also cause rabies (Lagos Bat, Mokola Virus, Duvenhage Virus, European Bat Virus 1 & 2, and Australian Bat Virus). (7) This is not, however, an exhaustive list as public health experts suspect other pathogens will be discovered. (7) Because rabies is a virus (and not a bacterium), this microbe is neither gram positive nor negative.

Australian bat Lyssavirus is very similar to that of rabies and has been responsible for the death of three humans since it was detected in 1996. All three cases were in the state of Queensland after they were reportedly bitten or scratched by bats infected with ABLV. The existence of ABLV does not affect the rabies-free status and there have been no known cases of the rabies virus occurring in terrestrial mammals (NSW Government Health, 2016). There are seven genotypes of Lyssaviruses, belonging to the family Rhabdoviridae, known to exist worldwide; however, through experimental inoculation, dogs and cats have shown a relative insusceptibility to bat-derived Lyssavirus as opposed to inoculation with terrestrial rabies virus strains. This suggests differences in mammalian infections with bat-derived Lyssavirus to that of terrestrial strains (Greene, 2012).

Rabies infection in humans is still a major public health problem all over the world (Beard, 2001; Pal et al.,2013). About 98% of the human rabies cases occur in developing countries that possess large number of dogs, many of which are strays (WHO, 2004). This situation occurs because dog rabies is endemic with dog-to-dog transmission of the infection, which is associated with an ongoing threat to humans due to dog bites. Unfortunately, children share a disproportionately high burden of the disease (Blanton et al., 2010). Estimates of human mortality due to endemic canine rabies in Asia and Africa annually exceed 30,000 and 23,000, respectively. The annual cost of rabies in Africa and Asia was estimated at 583.5 million USD most of which is due to cost of post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) (Knobel et al., 2005). 60%

Rhabdovirus (rabies) is a viral disease that is transmitted through the saliva or tissues from the nervous system from an infected mammal to another mammal. It’s an RNA virus who’s genome encodes 5 proteins designated as N, P, M, G, and L. The arrangement of these proteins and the RNA genome determine the structure of the rabies virus. It belongs to the order of mononegavirales which are virus with a non-segmented negative stranded RNA genome. Under the rhabdoviridae family is the lyssavirus genus which rabies virus falls under. Rabies is a zoonotic disease (meaning it can be transmitted between animals and humans).

Throughout the course of history canines, both feral and domestic, have been the world’s most influential vector for the spread of rabies. Records dating back to the Babylonian era, 2300 B.C., detail civilian penalties for deaths caused by their dogs biting other civilians. In 100 A.D. the Roman Empire, Greece and Crete fell victim to the rabies pandemic. It later spread through Great Britain in 1026, and reached the Americas in 1703. The growing threat of the Rv engendered an order to shoot all dogs on site around St. James, London in 1753.

Rabies is a viral disease that grossed high toll of casualties every year. People that are closely associated with animals contributes most of the casualties, with children making almost half of the total. This report aims to entail rabies virus’ modes of transmission, its clinical features, possible treatments and preventions, and primary victims. It is important for societies to be aware of the disease’ features and symptoms in order to assess proper care and control the spread of rabies effectively.