Radiotherapy's Role In Breast Cancer

One of them is Gleevec (Imatinib mesylate), a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, was called a “magical bullet”. This was the first targeted therapy drug used to treat cancer. It was invented in the late 1990’s, to treat “chronic myeloid leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal growth”. Imatinib is tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Tyrosine kinase is a protein that cells use to signal to each other to grow (Iqbal and Iqbal, 2014, p.1). It works by preventing a tyrosine kinase enzyme and therefore inhibits growth factor-induced receptor phosphorylation and blocks the PDGF/PDGFR and P13-k/Akt pathway (Kheradmand, et.al.2016, p.83). According to Richardson (2010, p.679), the drug Velcade was also known as “Bortezomib” is useful in the treatment of multiple myelomas. The main goal of this drug is to lower the tumor growth significantly. The American cancer society (2013, para.20) studies show Bortezomib is a “proteasome inhibitor”. It works by blocking or slowing down the action of proteosome is to break down protein in both healthy and cancerous cells. When proteosome activity is blocked, proteins in the cells accumulate. This accumulation may cause cells to stop growing and multiplying, and cause them to die and Sutent (Sunitinib) is a drug used to treat metastatic renal cell carcinoma. It is currently approved as a second-line treatment of MRCC. Sunitinib inhibits the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and stops the growth of tumors (Kolesar, et.al. 2008, pp.123 131). It is considered as a multi- targeted kinase inhibitor because it is a type of VEGF inhibitor, an angiogenesis inhibitor, and it blocks an enzyme called tyrosine kinase. By doing all of this, it slows cancer growth and keeps tumors from making their own blood vessels to help them grow and spread (American

Breast cancer is the most common malignant disease occurring in women in Saudi society. After study and research, it found that two-thirds of the injuries in the Saudi society are diagnosed in advanced stages. The reasons for that are the lack of education for necessary of Self-examination and clinical examination annual, leading to the spread of the disease further. In addition to genetic changes, environmental pollution, bad lifestyle , Obesity ,Lack of exercise are also factors that helped in the spread of the disease. The delayed age of marriage and lack of breastfeeding are the risk factors for breast cancer(1,10,14).Early detection and diagnosis of breast cancer is important for successful treatment selection , and increase mortality rate of breast cancer.

An effective breast cancer treatment in some women can be traced to the root of the disease. Some of the most aggressive form of breast cancers are caused by a transmembrane receptor protein known as Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) which is a member of the HER family of receptor tyrosine kinase. Approximately 20,000 HER2 receptor are normally expressed on surface of healthy breast cell however, in about 25% of breast cancer cells the HER2 protein is overexpressed resulting in tumour cells with as many as over 2 million receptors present on their surface. This cancer is known as HER2 positive (HER2+). The effect of HER2 overexpression is an increase in receptor mediated intracellular signalling causing the cell

Angiogenesis inhibitors fight cancer by inhibiting the growth of blood vessels instead of tumor cells and can be combined with other forms of therapies such as chemotherapy (National Cancer Institute, 2011). The tumor may not die, but it does not grow which allows the patient to receive long-term care using this approach. Higher levels of inhibitors prevent

It is no secret that cancer is leading cause of death in the world. It was estimated that in 2012, 14.1 million new cases of cancer occurred worldwide and 8.2 million people died as a result of cancer [1]. Cancer prevalence is increasing at an alarming rate, yet the progress of treatment has been slow, with benefits of treatment being measured in only months or even weeks. Most patients with a specific type of cancer at a certain stage will receive the exact same form of treatment, but it has been made clear that while the treatment works well for some, it does not for a significant amount of others. The treatment that patients receive today is based on

In clinical practice today the population is increasing in the number of elderly patients, as is the occurrence of breast cancer in women 60 years of age and older. According to Tang et al. (2011) the occurrence of breast cancer in women 65 years old and older is greater than “400 cases per 100, 000 women” (p. 3). The appropriate treatment options for the elderly are not as standard as those for a younger generation related to the effects the aging process has on the body. Secondary conditions such as congestive heart failure (CHF), diabetes mellitus (DM), Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), and the effects of treatment on functionality are also considered when

In the past, most of the cancer drugs were developed to hinder the growth of tumors. The main strategy was so called “targeted therapies, which interfere with genetic signals that act like accelerators, causing tumors to grow.”1 However, because there are too many pathways and signals that can act as an accelerator of the cancer growth, a single drug was usually not enough to suppress the cancer.

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is the cell-surface receptor for extracellular protein ligands. EGFR family has four closely related receptor tyrosine kinases: EGFR (ErbB-1), HER2/c-neu, Her 3 and Her 4. Mutations affecting EGFR expression or activity could lead to cancer.

To first identify novel drug targets, I would thoroughly search the literature, look at online cancer resources and discuss potential targets with scientific experts at the Beatson and externally. Below I have outlined the key information that should be gathered.

Nusrat Epsi, MBA is a PhD student working at the Rutgers University, School of Healthcare Professional with Dr. Antonina Mitrafanova. Prior to beginning the PhD program, Nusrat worked in the Pharmaceutical Industry. She consulted on a variety of projects which involved both qualitative and quantitative analysis to achieve strategic realignments within large pharmaceutical systems. From this work she developed an interest in drug discovery and drug structure. She is currently working on designing possible targeted cancer therapy to interfere with specific AR genes for tumor growth and progression. She also had a primary interest in the invasion of bladder cancer. She is also interested studying other Hormonal carcinogenesis. For her doctoral

Cancer is the most prevalent public health challenge worldwide, hence becoming the second leading cause of death in 2013 (cite!). The illness develops when abnormal body cells survive and new cells grow, which are to replace old and damaged ones (cite!). Healthcare professionals associate cancer prevalence with risk factors such as smoking and obesity (cite pg#87) and according to research studies, one in every three individuals will develop cancer (cite!). Such statistics correspond to the occurrence of cancer in the United States, with prostate cancer affecting 105.3 per 100,000 people nationwide (cite!). For the past decade, cancer drugs have increased from $10,000 in the 1990s to $100,000 by 2012; therefore, many patients may die because

EGFR inhibition- Overexpression of EGFR is common in patients with TNBC and is seen in up to 60% of basallike breast cancers. It is associated with lower response to chemotherapy and poor overall survival (Nielsen, et al. 2004) the role of EGFR immunostaining in defining basal-like breast cancer, it follows that agents antagonizing this moiety have been assessed in the setting of TNBC. As stated BL-2 and MSL subtypes of TNBC have been found to have higher expression of EGFR pathway genes. Trials have not targeted these specific subtypes with EGF R inhibition, and results have been disappointing in several published abstracts(Carey, et

The EGFR is a strong biomarker candidate for multiple reasons. First, it is overexpressed in most of the NSCLC tumours. This overexpression, ultimately is causing increased proliferation or cell motility, and decreased apoptosis, leading to the progression of the tumour(27). Another appealing reason is the fact that new approved therapies for those cancers are targeting EGFR, based on the inhibition of its TK activity(12). In addition, it is known that a portion of the membrane receptor is shed into the bloodstream(28), thus making plasma or serum an

In 2007, it is predicted that almost 1.5 million people will be diagnosed with cancer in the United States (Pickle et al., 2007). More than half of these cancer patients will undergo the use of radiation as a means for treating cancer at some point during the course of their disease (Perez and Brady, 1998). Cancer, a disease caused by an uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells, affects millions of people around the world. Radiotherapy is one of the well known various methods used to treat cancer, where high powered rays are aimed directly at the tumor from the outside of the body as external radiation or an instrument is surgically placed inside the body producing a result of internal radiation. Radiation is delivered to the cancerous regions of the body to damage and destroy the cells in that area, terminating the rapid growth and division of the cells. Radiation therapy has been used by medicine as a treatment for cancer from the beginning of the twentieth century, with its earliest beginnings coming from the discovery of x-rays in 1895 by Wilhelm Röntgen. With the advancements in physics and computer programming, radiation had greatly evolved towards the end of the twentieth century and made the radiation treatment more effective. Radiation therapy is a curative treatment approach for cancer because it is successful in killing cancerous tumor cells and stop them from regenerating.

Cancer tends to respond to any drug by mutating so that its DNA is no longer affected by that drug. Oncologists and medical scientists have decided to target cancerous tumors with many different kinds of drugs at once so that the cancer is unable to respond adequately. They use complex mathematical models that plot the speed and timing of the cancer’s different mutations to figure out what combinations and dosages of different drugs should be used.( Fletcher)