In “ras Mutations and a cup of coffee: cause, confounder, effect modifier, or what else?” Paolo Vineis argues the correlation of an outcome occurring after an exposure doesn’t necessarily indicate such outcome was caused by such exposure. He recognizes that medicine, in particular attempts to correlate cause-effect relations in hopes of preventing or curing, thus eliminating the causal agent. Nonetheless, Vinies argues cause-effect relations are more complicated. In his letter, he uses the correlation of coffee consumption with pancreatic cancer. During his time period, Professor McMahon from Harvard University published a report in the New England Journal of Medicine, claiming the risk of pancreatic cancer increased with high consumption of coffee. Nonetheless, several …show more content…
A considerable amount of the studies suggested the association with coffee was probably because the majority of coffee consumers tend to be heavy tobacco smokers, thus tobacco consumption is the exposure and coffee is a confounding factor leading to pancreatic cancer. Additionally, it is critical to note coffee is the most common beverage consumed around the world, thus difficult to make a correlation of cause-effect relation with coffee. Nonetheless, Miguel Porta and colleagues suggested coffee is likely playing a different role—other than exposure and confounder— in pancreatic cancer. They suggest it is either acting as induction or inhibition of metabolic pathways, thus activating or deactivating carcinogenic chemicals. The other proposal is that coffee is inhibiting the relevant DNA repair mechanisms. Vinies states the second reasoning seems more realistic due to supportive information. As you can see, throughout his letter, Vinies argues longitudinal study designs with repeated measures are necessary to eliminate possible confounders altering
The majority of the studies done on the link between diet and cancer indicate that there is a relationship between high fat intake and an increased risk
Caffeine affects the central full of nerves combination of parts to form a whole, allowing the material part to battle off tiredness, grow reminiscence and advance the knack to converging-point. One cup of coffee also contains a fullness of nutrients, including riboflavin, pantothenic sharp, manganese, potassium, magnesium and niacin. Additionally, caffeine has been found to subside the jeopardy of diabetes (emblem 2) and knock, and countenance against cardiovascular ail. The destruction of coffee also has been found to help countenance against Alzheimer's Ail and Insanity and Parkinson's Ail. Espresso has likewise been observed to be proactive against a few tumors, including liver and colorectal growth. So quiescence unquestionable enjoying a cup of coffee may not only please your try the flavor of buds, but better your overall freedom from disease as
Some of the benefits of coffee consumption on health include; it protects diabetes type 2, Parkinson’s
The risk factors of pancreatic cancer are habits that most Americans have developed and can not seem to break. There are five major risk factors that people should consider which include the following; Genetics, Diabetes, Smoking, Obesity and Diet (Wax, 2012). Pancreatic cancer runs in five to ten percent of people who have immediate family members who have also had it (Wax, 2012). Different genes have been indicated as risk but no “pancreatic cancer gene” has yet been discovered (Wax, 2012). “People with diabetes develop Pancreatic cancer about twice as often then people without it” (Margolis, 2002, p.497) and the two diseases have been linked (Wax, 2012). Tobacco use is known to increase the risk of pancreatic cancer (Cancer Research UK, 2013). Smoking will double the risk in developing the disease (Wax, 2012). People, who quit smoking, can reduce the risk of pancreatic, lung, mouth, and certain other cancers and diseases. It is a known fact that people with a body mass index ( BMI) higher
- The high long-term consumption of caffeine is associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
Furthermore, having an unhealthy diet provokes cancer. When explaining foods that increase the risk of cancer, the author writes, “Certain chemicals are made when red and processed meats are cooked at high temperatures, such as on a barbecue. These chemicals can damage our cells, making them more likely to become cancerous” (Diet Causing Cancer). Cooking processed meat at a high temperature can create noxious chemicals. If one consumes this type of meat, it is like he/she is smoking a cigarette. The poisonous toxins in the meat infiltrate the body and alter the structure of cells, causing the cells to be cancerous. The author goes on to declare, “Overweight or obese people have an increased risk of pancreatic cancer… because they tend to have higher insulin levels” (Diet Causing Cancer). People who have unhealthy diets are generally overweight or obese. These obese people have a higher level of insulin because their diets consist of large amounts of sugar. Insulin is created in the pancreas. When the pancreas has to “work harder” than usual to
People with certain risk factors may be more likely than others to develop cancer of the pancreas. Some risk factors that may increase the chance of getting cancer of the pancreas include smoking tobacco, the most important risk factor for pancreatic cancer. People with diabetes, family history with pancreatic cancer increases the risk of developing the disease, inflammation of the pancreas and having pancreatitis for a long time. Overweight or obese people may likely than other people to develop pancreatic cancer. Possible risk factors being studied include, diet high in animal fat and heavy drinking of alcoholic beverages. “Another area of active research is whether certain genes increase the risk of disease. Many people who get pancreatic cancer have none of these risk factors, and many people who have known risk factors don’t develop the disease”.(pg. 7).
There has been always an indication that coffee could be related in preventing cancer risk. Therefore, many studies were involved to check the accuracy of coffee and its effect on cancer especially prostate cancer (CaP). According to the article Coffee Consumption and Prostate Cancer Aggressiveness among African & Caucasian American in a Population-Based Study, there were two studies that examined the effects of Coffee on cancer risk; Meta-analysis and a report from the Health Professionals follow-up study (Arab, Su, Ang, Fontham, Bensen, Mohler, 2011). The meta-analysis indicated a protective relationship between coffee consumption and risk of CaP. The report from the Health Professionals follow-up study indicated that there is no link
For one, family genetics can be a cause of stomach cancer, making a person's cells more predisposed to mutate. A person with a family history of gastric cancer is 2 - 3 times more likely to be afflicted with the cancer than a person with a clean family history. Risky habits can also cause an increased the chances of having gastric cancer. For example, a smoker is more prone to stomach cancer than a nonsmoker. ("Stomach cancer," 2012) Tobacco smoke, in particular, is apt to cause cancer due to the 69 carcinogenic chemicals within it ("Harms of Smoking," 2011). Another habit that raises a person's chance of having gastric cancer is frequent, excessive consumption of alcohol ("Stomach Cancer," 2012). Though alcohol in itself does not cause cancer, when the body metabolizes alcohol, the body produces acetaldehyde, a cancer-causing agent. In addition to risky habits, certain dietary choices lead to an increased risk of stomach cancer. For example, intaking "salty, smoked, or nitrate-preserved" foods may give rise to gastric cancer in some people ("Stomach Cancer," 2012). The salty foods are a risk factor because too much salt can damage the stomach's lining, making the stomach more vulnerable to malfunctions in its cells ("Recommendations for Cancer," n.d.). Smoked foods can cause stomach cancer because they produce heterocyclic amines and
As per the United States Census Bureau , around 73% of the US population are white ,12% are African-American and 5% are Asian (United States Census Bureau ,2016) , which is close to pancreatic cancer incidence distribution per race. The assumption that white race is a relevant risk factor for pancreatic cancer prediction conflicts with previous studies outcome. Yadav, D., & Lowenfels, A. B. (2013) assumes that pancreatic disorders including pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer “affect Blacks more than any other race” (Yadav & Lowenfels ,2013).
Many types of cancers can come out of eating these products. In the 1970s, scientists began linking red meats to colon and rectum cancer. Later many experts advised eating lean meats rather than processed because of their high fat content. Cancer experts stated that red meats "probably" increased the risk of colorectal cancers, and "possibly" increase the risk of cancers of the pancreas, breast, prostate and kidney. In an IARC report, they make an even stronger argument that carcinogens are the cause.
Now there shows to be many other contributing factors that make humans more at risk of getting cancer. However scientists say that the study does provide insight on
Cigarette smoking is the best-established avoidable risk factor for pancreatic cancer, approximately doubling risk among long-term smokers, the risk increasing with the number of cigarettes smoked and the years of smoking. The risk declines slowly after smoking cessation, taking some 20 years to return to almost that of non-smokers.
This research article adds to this medical literature because in the background Schwartz, Skinner, and Duncan discussed the etiology of pancreatic cancer and indicated one of the modifiable risk factor of pancreatic cancer which is cigarette smoking. The increased risk associated with smoking is only about twofold.
Background: While smoking and alcohol consumption, as hypothesized risk factors of colorectal cancer (CRC), have been examined by many epidemiological studies, the results have been inconsistent and a causal link is yet to be established. A major limitation of previous studies was the possible contaminations from other factors – confounding effects – because it is possible that smokers and drinkers are also more likely to share other known and unknown risk factors of CRC. Unfortunately, this dilemma cannot be addressed by conventional epidemiological approach. Mendelian randomization (MR) is a new method of using measured variation in genes of known function influencing a certain modifiable exposure to examine its causal effect on