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Coffee Consumption and Prostate Cancer Aggressiveness among African & Caucasian American in a Population-Based Study

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There has been always an indication that coffee could be related in preventing cancer risk. Therefore, many studies were involved to check the accuracy of coffee and its effect on cancer especially prostate cancer (CaP). According to the article Coffee Consumption and Prostate Cancer Aggressiveness among African & Caucasian American in a Population-Based Study, there were two studies that examined the effects of Coffee on cancer risk; Meta-analysis and a report from the Health Professionals follow-up study (Arab, Su, Ang, Fontham, Bensen, Mohler, 2011). The meta-analysis indicated a protective relationship between coffee consumption and risk of CaP. The report from the Health Professionals follow-up study indicated that there is no link …show more content…

On the other hand, members that were excluded from the study are the ones whom under the influence of alcohol, rigorously medicated, or have psychological disorders (Arab et al., 2011). Also, an open-ended question was required to be answered as a main admissibility criterion, which was “What is your Race?” Male membered should self-identify and respond as either African American-Black or Caucasian American-White.
According to the article, the study consisted of numerous nurses that controlled a series of structured questionnaires regarding background characteristics, screening history, diet, and, physical activity. In addition, two diagnostic tests “Gleason Grade” and “Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA)” were applied to identify the level of aggressiveness of the cancer. For instance, the cases were ordered as follow; 1 equal high aggressive (Gleason sum ≥ 8, or PSA > 20 ng/ml). 2 equal less aggressive (Gleason sum < 7, or PSA < 10ng/ml), and 3 equal intermediate aggressive. Body Mass Index (BMI) was one of the major indicators for this study and members were classified as underweight, normal weight, overweight, or obese. In order to test for significant difference between races, chi-square test was used for categorical variables and student’s t-test was used for continuous variables, such as age and height. Wilcoxon rank-sum nonparametric tests were applied to the variables that are

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