Reaction Paper On Salmonella Typhi

The Kirby-Bauer antibiotic tests indicated that the unknown is susceptible to chloramphenicol and ampicillin and resistant to penicillin G and tetracycline. The disinfectant sensitivity tests indicated that C. Freundii is resistant to all four of the disinfectants.

Certain E. Coli strains are also known to show resistance to bacteria killing antibiotics. This resistance is due to the plasmids, or small round DNA molecules, in the bacteria that carry the resistant genes. R Plasmids (resistance plasmids) are widely studied and bestow resistance to factors that inhibit growth of the organism. R plasmids code for proteins that can

After analyzing the data recorded for both the agar plates containing ampicillin and those that did not, it can be concluded that the data provides enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis. There is enough evidence to support the alternative hypothesis stating that there is a correlation between plasmids coding for an antibiotic resistant gene and bacterial growth in ampicillin. When a bacterial solution containing either pUC18 or the lux plasmid is transformed in an agar plate containing ampicillin, only those cells which took in the plasmid are able to survive and replicate, forming individual colonies. Not all cells are transformed though, the chances of a successful transformation were extremely low. In order to see which cell transformed the cells were tagged according to their plasmid, in the plates containing pUC18 the only

Antimicrobial resistance is a growing problem in modern healthcare around the world. Multidrug resistant (MDR) strains of pathogenic bacteria, which are quickly becoming more common, pose a serious risk to patients. One of the most common species of bacteria that cause problems in healthcare today is Klebsiella pneumoniae. Today K. pneumoniae can be responsible for community acquired infections, but is most commonly observed as a major cause of hospital acquired infections which can be fatal. K. pneumoniae has been observed to develop resistance to antibiotics more easily than most bacteria through the production of new enzymes to break them down. As new resistance mechanisms develop, fewer and fewer treatments are available for infections by K. pneumoniae. Although some treatments still remain, few new ones are being explored, thus the best option is to control the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance.

The predominant AME genes were acc (6')-Ie-aph (2'')Ia (n=25/40; 62.5%), aph(3'')-IIIa (n=12/40; 30%), acc(6')-Ie-aph(2'')Ie (n=11/40; 27.5%), and ant(4')-Ia (n=6/40; 15), among which co-existence of two genes included 35% (n=14/40) of the isolates. According to Table 3, all gentamicin resistant MRSA and MSSA isolates harbored at least one AME gene. However, no other AME genes were detected in the study. The msrA gene was more distributed among macrolide and lincosamide resistant isolates. MsrA was found in 46.8% (22/47) of erythromycin resistant, 46.6% of clindamycin resistant, and 36.3% of erythromycin and clindamycin resistant

Gastrointestinal diseases are pervasive problem that is caused by ingestion of contaminated foods or water in which an extensive etiological agents known as enteric pathogen are present, [1]. Salmonella is one of the most opportunistic gram negative, facultative anaerobic food borne pathogens that represent a major health problem and a substantial cause of food poisoning[2]. Salmonellosis caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) stance as the second most prevalent cause of acute gastroenteritis that affecting one million illnesses in the United States, with 19,000 hospitalizations and 380 deaths[3]. Infection begins with the ingestion of contaminated food or water then characterized by attachment of the bacteria by fimbriae or pili to cells lining the

Primer 1 and 2 were used for PCR sample A with around 500 base pairs, and primer 3 and 4 were used for PCR sample B with around 300 base pairs. Ligation process was followed, where sticky ends was created by cutting the plasmid and the PCR product with restriction enzymes, then DNA ligase created a recombinant DNA (1). Then, it was followed by the transformation process in which the recombinant plasmid DNA was incorporated into E.Coli. The host cells were replicated and large quantities of plasmid DNA containing ampicillin resistance were generated. The project was followed by purification of plasmid DNA using GenElute™ Miniprep Kit.

The objective of this experiment was to observe the transformation occurrence with E.coli and the ampicillin resistance gene.When plasmids like lux or pUC18 are added in E.coli, they are more likely to survive in certain environments that contain antibiotics. Plasmid can carry genes enabling bacteria like E.coli to survive in harsh conditions. This experiment displayed how plasmid work when inserted in E.coli with and without ampicillin. In certain agar plates, ampicillin was added with either the lux plasmid or the pUC18 plasmid resulting in colony growth. In other agar plates, no ampicillin was added when either the lux plasmid or the pUC18 plasmid was added resulting in colony growth. If growth occurred from the bacteria when it was added in the Ampicillin agar plates, then it was determined that the E.coli was transformed successfully and is expressing the Ampicillin resistant genes.

In the fall of 1984 in The Dalles, Oregon there was a Salmonella Typhimurium outbreak that caused gastroenteritis in a total of 751 people. There were two waves of the outbreak, the first being September 9th through the 18th and the second was September 19th through October 10th. An investigation of the outbreak determined that the origin of the outbreak was from 10 different restaurants and eating at their salad bars. During the epidemiological investigation, no water supply, single food item, or supplier or food distributor was common to all the affected restaurants. A later criminal investigation determined that the outbreak was intentionally caused by members of a religious commune contaminating the restaurant salad bars.

Transformation of Escherichia coli to Form a Recombinant Plasmid Containing Genes for both Ampicillin and Kanamycin Resistance

The symptoms related to salmonella are: Gastrointestinal: diarrhea or blood in stool, fever, abdominal cramps or abdominal pain, vomiting, headache, and nausea. Moreover, a person may experience pain in their whole body such as dehydration, fatigue or loss of appetite. A specialist you can see if you are being affected by the illness is infectious disease doctor, which treats infections, including those that are tropical in nature. Gastroenterologist, focuses on the digestive system and its disorders. And primary care provider (PCP), prevents, diagnoses, and treats diseases. Salmonella gastrointestinal infections usually resolve, or get better, in 5-7 days; most do not require treatment other than drink plenty of fluids and get rest; even people with severe diarrhea may require rehydration with intravenous

Mobile genetic elements have the ability to encode bacterial pathogenicity, metabolic functions, and resistance factors. Genes that encode other toxins known as phage encoded, and plasmid encoded Gram negative, and Gram positive organisms have the ability to spread among a population. Gene transfer by plasmid and phage encoded microorganisms may play a role in the creation of new pathogenic variants. Other virulence factors can be found on the chromosome, and can function as virulence blocks. Specific areas on these genes are known as pathogenicity islands.These islands show us that genetic elements that effect bacterial virulence and the genetic flexibility of certain bacterium. They may be involved in the process of microbial evolution.

In N.gonorrhoeae drug resistance is known to be acquired by the process of , genetic transformation. If many such acquisitions of determinants occur then only such a change is visible (Johnson SR et al., 1988). Plasmid mediated resistance is transmitted by means of conjugation which is at present limited to penicillins and tetracyclines. In this process a conjugative plasmid is required to mobilize the plasmid carrying the resistance determinants. Since conjugative plasmids are not present in all strains, the degree of spread of resistance may be limited to some extent. However, during the process of conjugation the conjugative plasmids are transferable because of which some recipient strains then become donor’s themselves (Hamilton HL et al., 2005). Different rates of dissemination of extra-chromosomally mediated resistance have been observed. For example, the ‘Asian’ PPNG plasmid spread more rapidly than the ‘African’ PPNG plasmid because initially only strains carrying the former determinant also contained conjugative elements. In N. gonorrhoeae, chromosomally mediated resistance spreads less rapidly than plasmid mediated resistance. Several studies have been carried out to understand the mechanism of resistance to different antibiotic, which has been summarized

Salmonella is a common type of food poisoning caused by Salmonella typhoid and other bacterias. It resides in most animals and reptiles. The first known case of Salmonella was when Daniel Elmer Salmon discovered Salmonella in pig intestines in 1885 according to medical.net, Salmonella History. Salmonella kills about 155,000 people each year worldwide out of 93.8 million cases. There’s about 1 million cases of Salmonella in the US and 380 deaths yearly according to CDC, Salmonella. Salmonella has been around since ancient times, and doctors started using antibiotics in the 1900s.

Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli showed resistant to common used drugs. To improve the cure for the people infected by these three microorganisms studying the use