The traditional method for the determination of the time lag resorts to a limited portion of the downstream pressure rise curve to perform the required extrapolation to the time axis. When a numerical model is available, an alternative method to obtain the membrane properties is to fit the variation of the pressure change in the downstream reservoir as a function of time using a nonlinear least squares method [30]. By minimizing the sum of squares of the differences between the experimental data and the numerical model, the optimal combination of S and D can be obtained. The nonlinear regression method has three advantages in diminishing the noise effect: 1) it uses the whole range of pressure data instead of only the quasi-steady state …show more content…
The details of the CV system used in this work are described elsewhere [15,16]. The design of the downstream compartment allows varying the volume for gas accumulation from 77.6×10-6 m3 to 1009.7×10-6 m3; at the same time, the effects of resistance to gas accumulation reported in ref. [31-33] are minimized. The absolute pressure transducer (MKS model 627B11TBC1B) to monitor gas accumulation operates in a range of 0 to 1333 Pa (10 torr), with an accuracy of 0.0133 Pa (0.0001 torr) and a maximum error of 0.12% of the pressure reading. This level of precision is typical of the best precision from pressure transducers currently available on the market. Prior to each experiment, the system is evacuated using a rotary vacuum pump (Edwards model RV3) for at least 48 h, and just before the experiment, leak tests for both upstream and downstream sides of the membrane are performed. During the leak tests, the vacuum pump is disconnected from the system and gas accumulation (if any) in the downstream reservoir is monitored for a period of time (from 20 minutes to 1 hour depending on the duration of the experiment). The membrane used in the tests was a solution-cast, high molecular polyphenylene oxide (PPO) film prepared by a spin-coating technique. The details of membrane preparation are described elsewhere [34]. Other relevant experimental parameters are summarized in Table
Since the maximum value of the predictor variable (calls) is used to formulate the given regression model is 201.00, which is less than 300, we cannot use the given regression model to accurately estimate the weekly sales for weekly call of 300. So we can’t say anything about the weekly sales when weekly calls are 300.
Both the orifice and the Venturi meters produce a restriction in the flow and measure the pressure drop across the meter. The velocity of a fluid is expected to increase as the fluid flows from an open area, to a more constricted area. Assuming incompressible flow, a negligible height change, and steady state, Bernoulli’s equation can be simplified to show the correlation between the volumetric flow rate and the pressure drop. The equation for both meters is as follows:
Our team placed in rank 76 and our overall cash balance was $1,357,252. Our strategy was to optimize inventory in order to reduce lead times, ultimately increasing revenue. We decided it was necessary to start as soon as possible in order to maximize our time available for the simulator and be able to make the most money. However, we did not end up making changes until Day 104, which may have been the cause of our results as we did not get to start as early as we had planned. Also, we started off with contract 1 and it wasn’t until Day 128 we opted for contract 2. It would have been beneficial to start accepting a better contract earlier in order to maximize revenue.
The frequency count and percentage will be used to show the profile of the students in terms of gender, scholarship grant and previous mathematics performance. The composite reliability which measures internal consistency should be higher than 0.70. To determine the indicator reliability, the absolute standardized outer loadings should be higher than 0.70. The convergent validity which signifies that a set of indicators represent one and the same underlying constructs, should have an average variance extracted (AVE) higher than 0.50. The discriminant validity based on Fornell-Larcker Criterion, the AVE of each construct should be higher than the construct’s highest squared correlation with any other latent construct. CFA will test the extent to which the theoretical model, the five-factor model corresponding to the five factors of the MSEAQ, adequately represents the covariance
The inflow into the tank was then graphed to show the Inflow vs. Time, the results obtained had some outliers in the initial negative trend so a linear interpolation of the part of the data set
Creating a data analysis based on a sample population can become complicated if you are basing the frequency on exact numerical values that are continuous such as GPA, distance, weight and height. Creating a categorical analysis based on identical data, would display numerous bars within the charts and make the analysis nearly impossible. In a position where you have sampled a population that provides a wide range of variables to analyze, it would be more beneficial for the results to be analyzed in specified ranges to provide a more concise frequency. In this instance, is it is best to create a frequency distribution table where data can be put into numerical ranges instead of individual frequency’s. A frequency distribution table
The Joule-Thomson apparatus (Leybold Didactic, Huerth, Germany) consisted of a glass cylinder with five outlets and a glass filter subdivision. One side of the division was connected to the helium or carbon dioxide gas pressure cylinder that was supplied in the laboratory, a pressure sensor, and a NiCr-Ni thermocouple, which measures the temperature inside that chamber. The other chamber contained outlets for another thermocouple and for the transferred gas. A temperature controlled water bath was used to set the system to the
Multivariate regression is a statistical tool used to predict the functional relationship between some dependent variable and a set of independent variables [13, 14]. It comes as a generalization to simple univariate regression models therefore it will be introduced accordingly. However selecting which variables best influence the survival rate in LC is quite difficult. Out of 153 collected prognostic variables, only few have a significant impact on the 5-year survival rate while the rest have almost no effect other than complicating the model. Thus before implementing a neural network predictor we need to sift through the variables to build a meaningful model and to that end several mathematical tools were used including correlation analysis.
Two types of pressure scanners that are extremely compact were used: one from ZOC22b series, and three from ZOC33 series [83]. The ZOC miniature electronic pressure scanning modules are specifically designed for use in wind-tunnel tests and flight tests where operational conditions are very space-constrained and pressures do not ex¬ceed 50 PSI (344738 Pa). The ZOC22b module incorporates 32 individual silicon pressure sensors, calibration valving, a high speed multiplexer (45 kHz), and an instrumentation amplifier. An integral “duplexing” valve is optionally available to allow the ZOC22’s 32 sensors to service up to 128 input pressures. The ZOC22 module also incorporates a calibration valve that allows the ZOC sensors to be automatically calibrated on-line as well as purge the input lines of contaminants or condensation. Similarly, the ZOC33 is an electronic pressure scanner which can accept up to 128 pneumatic inputs. Each ZOC33 module used in the current study incorporates 64 individual piezoresistive pressure sensors. Each ZOC pressure scanner incorporates an embedded RTD to monitor the temperature of the pressure sensors [83]. The ZOC modules have been used in conjunction with RADBASE as shown in Figure 4.3 [83]. Typically, the RADBASE would be located inside a wind-tunnel model or other space limited location in close proximity to the ZOC pressure scanners. For small models with low number of pressure channel requirements, the RADBASE can be minimal size
Since the advent of membrane contactors as means of separation alternative to conventional techniques of separation, such as distillation towers, packed bed towers, research has been done on membranes so as to industrialize the whole process for large plants. The membrane contactors provide significant advantage over the more traditional separation tools and hence, are being increasingly used. The researchers have, though, realized a major disadvantage associated with membrane contactors. The membrane used for liquid-gas or liquid-liquid contact undergoes a phenomenon, referred to as wetting, which primarily involves the liquid entering the pores of the membrane in the gas-liquid separation (or either of the two liquids in the case
Platinum, HiSPEC 4000, nominally 40% on carbon black, was acquired from Alfa Aesar. Chitosan (Mn ~ 20k, 85% deacetylation, PDI ~ 4) was from Ta Ming Enterprises Co., Ltd., Thailand. Epichlorohydrin (Acros Organics), acetic acid (Sigma-Aldrich), and sodium hydroxide (MERCK) were used as received. Gas diffusion layers (GDL Sigracet GDL 10BB, 420 µm) were purchased from SGL Carbon Group, whereas the 5 wt.% Nafion solution and NR-212 Nafion membrane were from Aldrich and Ion Power, respectively. All other chemicals of analytical grade were used as supplied.
“Statisticians, like artists, have the bad habit of falling in love with their models.” (I. (n.d.)). Our analysis displays that OAT is a decent method for identifying sensitive parameters. In addition, we illustrate that scatter plots, measures parameter sensitivity without interaction and provides a modest method for predicting output based on a single parameter. However, the stepwise regression, is an excellent way of finding the most sensitive parameters as well as predicting the output fairly accurately. The focal points of this analysis are R-square adjusted, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and F ratio, to determine which model would be the best fit. The best fit results are shown in Section C, subparagraph 1 of this chapter.
The desired FO membranes consist of the following characteristics: (1) an ultrathin semi-permeable active layer with a high water flux and high solute rejection; (2) a thin supporting layer with high porosity and low internal concentration polarization (ICP); (3) hydrophilic nature to enhance water flux and reduce membrane fouling; and (4) sufficient mechanical strength and robust to sustain backwash, cleaning and vibration in industrial operations [9, 10]. Recently, efforts were done to develop new types of FO membranes with better properties. Based on the fabrication methods, the newly developed membranes can be classified into two main kinds: cellulosic and thin film composite (TFC).
The main goal of the experiment is to measure the pressure drop in packed beds using flow rate. We learned this topic in one of our classes in
The Table 1 and Fig 8 showed the response of respondent on the nature of your organization’s business. It shows that 30.9% of the respondents are in information technology organizations, 10.9% are in construction organizations, 7.3% are in oil and gas nature of business organization, 1.8% are in financial services, 9.1% are in manufacturing while 34.5% choose other option which