Salicin Research Paper

“Use of herbs as medicines dates back to the beginning of civilized man. The earliest known written records of herbal medicines were inscribed on a six thousand year old clay tablet written by the Sumerians, who lived on the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in what is now known as Iraq”(History).

In this experiment the concentration of acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) in an aspirin tablet will be determined. This can be done by dissolving a tablet in a strong base, NaOH, and titration it with a strong acid, HCl. The quantity was found to be about 75.5% of the weight of the tablet, or about 318 mg per tablet. This value tells the pharmaceutical companies how much to state the recommended dosage as based on how much ASA is needed to feel the headache and pain resistant effects. Also it can be used to state precautions for the customers based on the known LD50 value (200 mg/kg).

This experiment involved three steps: synthesis of aspirin, isolation and purification, and the estimation of purity of the final product. The synthesis involved the reaction of salicylic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of a catalyst, phosphoric acid, H3PO4. When the aspirin was prepared, it was isolated and filtered. The percentage yield of the synthesis was calculated to be 78.42%. The experimental melting point range of aspirin was determined to be 122 -132°C. Due to its wide range, and lower value than that of the theoretical melting point of 136°C, it was

willow tree bark used as early as 400 B.C. to relieve pain. It is also known as salicylic acid.

American Shakers in the 1820s gathered over 200 different kinds of herbs that they used to make medicines, and sold them to the public (A History of Pharmacy in Pictures, n.d., para. 27). A jungle expedition to Peru in the 1800s led to discoveries of many new substances which were imported to the United States and then used in medicines (A History of Pharmacy in Pictures, n.d., para. 34). Stanislas Limousin was an inventor who created items such as the first capsules, colour-coded poisons, and the first apparatus that gave oxygen support (A History of Pharmacy in Pictures, n.d., para. 35). The first usage of ether during surgery occurred in 1842, and the development of chloroform five years later led to less painful surgeries (Pharmaceutical Industry, 2016, para. 9). Surgeons now were able to take the time to carefully perform surgeries, which led to better healing for patients (Pharmaceutical Industry, 2016, para. 9). The first injections were administered using a hollow quill pen in the 1600s at Oxford University, but the hollow needle was not invented until 1853 (Pharmaceutical Industry, 2016, para. 12 ). The late 1800s led to the development of medications that induced sleep and fought fevers and pains (Pharmaceutical Industry, 2016, para. 14). In 1889, Aspirin was invented, and in 1900, anesthetic. The late 1800s and early 1900s saw a rise of teaching medical students about medicine in a university setting, instead of

There has been little evolution and innovations in terms of Aspirin’s formula. It has not been changed since Hoffman’s discovery! However its form has been improved whilst originally sold as a powder, in 1915 Aspirin was produced as a tablet. Also, while the drug itself has not been modified, the knowledge about it has. It was not until the 1970’s that scientists began to understand how aspirin works, and in 1982, the scientist responsible for the findings, Professor Vane, won the Nobel Prize for Medicine for his

In ancient times, illnesses were treated with plants from the earth. But as modern functional medicine became more developed and widespread, naturalistic remedies were considered useless. So it was fairly easy for the pharmaceutical industry to step in and start

In 1899, a German chemist named Felix Hoffmann, who worked for a Germany company called Bayer, rediscovered Gerhardt’s formula. Felix Hoffmann made some of the formula and gave it to his father who was suffering from the pain of arthritis. When he saw that there were good results he convinced Bayer to market the new drug to their company. Aspirin was first sold as a powder. According to Bayer's biography of Hoffman, it was 'mostly by chance' that the chemist Felix Hoffmann succeeded in mixing salicylic acid with acetic acid to create what is now widely recognized as something that mostly everyone knows and uses when in pain. It is a well-known medicine. Hoffmann didn’t like the alternative treatment, a juice from the willow tree bark that had been used for centuries as a painkiller and treatment for fever, but it had a lot of negative side effects, including nausea, gastro-intestine irritation,

When an aspirin is not just an aspirin any more. The name aspirin broke down to explain comes from a- (from the acetyl group) -spir- (from spiraea flower) and in- (a common ending for medicine back then). Aspirin is one of the most commonly used drug there is today. When it was discovered, it was not in the form we know today. Instead it was in the form of tree bark and leaves from a willow tree. Which was used as a pain and fever reliever. The aspirin we use today was discovered in 1897, by Felix Hoffman. He received his first patent on February 27, 1900. Aspirin comes without prescription around 1915 which is manufactured in a tablet form. Today over 70 million pounds of this drug is produced annually.

To begin, aspirin has many advantages for the body, as known today. College analysts, driven by Michael Garavito, Associate Professor in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, have found the exact synthetic system of aspirin stops agony and aggravation (Scotsman, 1995). The group 's finding, reported in the diary Nature/Structural Biology, implies

Malaria is a life threatening disease that has been around for centuries. Throughout history, medicinal properties in plants have been used by many civilizations. Evidence of this has been documented in the China Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences in the Handbook for Prescriptions for Emergencies by Ge Hong written circa 284-346 CE (Tu, 2011). In this handbook there is a detailed explanation on how to prepare the qinghaosu as a medicinal remedy for malaria. It should come as no surprise that the plant Artemisia annua L. has medicinal qualities as many of the medications on the market today are plant based. Aspirin is derived from the bark of salix (willow), throat lozenges are derived from the leaves of mentha (mint), therefore it is no surprise that antimalarial medications are also plant based (Plant Medicines, 2006).

This report presents the synthesis of Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), as the product of the reaction of salicylic acid with ethanoic anhydride under acidic conditions. Aspirin was purified through recrystallisation by vacuum filtration, followed by desiccation of the Aspirin crystal over silica gel. The percentage yield was calculated as 44.89% and a sample of Aspirin was analysed using infra-red spectroscopy and compared to the spectrum of pure Aspirin, this served as an introduction to the identification of functional groups in organic compounds. The melting point was calculated using an IA9000M apparatus and recorded to be 35.2°C, which was slightly below the melting point of pure Aspirin; known to be between 138-140°C. Both IR spectroscopy and melting point measurement were used verify the purity of synthetic Aspirin made, which proved to be fairly pure under these laboratory conditions.

Other methods to reduce pain have been around for thousands of years. Hippocrates was the first man to advise people to chew on willow bark as a form of pain relief. However, it was not until 1763 that Edward Stone, an English clergyman, noticed that another property of willow bark was to reduce fever3. Almost one hundred years later in 1860, a compound called salicin was extracted from the willow bark and found to be the reason the bark could provide pain relief. This salicin was hydrolyzed to glucose and salicyl alcohol, which could then be oxidised to salicylic acid4. The bulk of salicylic acid is now produced using the Kolbe synthesis method which is a process that rearranges sodium phenyl carbonate. This chemical is obtained by heating dry sodium phenate under pressure with carbon dioxide, the sodium salt is then decomposed to the acid by dilute hydrochloric acid5 (see figure 1). Derivatives of salicylic

Salicylic acid completely inhibited the formation of sclerotia and the mycelial growth at 250 and500 ppm., respectively. Meanwhile, potassium silicates gave the same effect at 750 ppm.

Salicylic acid (SA) is a Mono-hydroxy benzoic acid derived from the metabolism of Salicin, an alcoholic beta-glucoside known for its anti-inflammatory properties isolated from willow bark tree. Salicylic acid has well identified roles in plant growth, physiology and disease resistance.