Smoking: Statistics and Linear Regression Equation.

Surveys were sent to 35,000 male British doctors documenting their smoking habit, then repeatedly thereafter. They check the amount of people who have died over 50 years and results were issued and for the next 50 years. In 1956 Lung cancer deaths from smoking was had a higher loss of life than non-smokers, heavy smokers had a higher chance of getting lung cancer than light smokers. Cigarette smokers had a higher chance of life then pipe smokers. Smokers who continue to smoke have a high loss of life when compared to people who give

The P.E.R.I.E. process is illustrated in this case by the steps taken to address the issue of smoking rates in adults, being impacted by the rise in adolescent smoking behaviors. The first step of this process is the Problem. In this case, the text indicates, the problem is the growth rate of smoking teens in the 80’s and 90’s (Riegelman & Kirkwood, 2015). This in turn, led to an increase in adult smokers. This would raise rates again, after previously lowering them by approximately 50% (Riegelman & Kirkwood, 2015). The next step is Etiology. In this step we correlate smoking with cancer and the rise of adult smoking rates with the growth of adolescent smoking rates. This in turn, correlates adolescent cigarette smoking, to the rises in cancer (morbidity), and deaths from cancer (mortality). The case study also states, “…it was also found that nearly 90% of those who smoked started before the age of 18…” (Riegelman & Kirkwood, 2015). It was determined through behavior modification (preventing adolescent smoking), the rate of adult smokers would reduce. Thus, recommendations were introduced. The case study reveals, adolescents were targeted in cigarettes advertisements and marketing (Riegelman & Kirkwood, 2015). Cigarette availability was also an issue. Implementations of sales and advertisement campaign policies, were altered in reference to miners. The text reveals, once evaluated, strategies to reduce adolescent smoking

Active smoking and disease relationship was first studied as case-control studies in Germany during 1939 and 1943which revealed a strong association between active smoking and lung cancer [1]. After that large number of studies were conducted which established relationship of tobacco smoke with

This act carried on from the battlefield to soldier’s hometowns as many soldier’s routines now included smoking tobacco at least once or twice a day.(learner) At the time, many people did not know the harmful effects of tobacco and were seen as unpatriotic if they disagreed with the sending of tobacco to soldiers. Although as time passed and World War II began, many of the soldiers who were seen smoking during the previous wars were now developing lung cancer. Years after the war, in 1948, a health report showed that lung cancer rates had quintupled in the last ten years. This report was published at a time when half of all men and one-third of all women were smoking regularly(tobaccopreventionk12). This evidence was not enough to discourage people and even the government from tobacco products, in fact the supply of cigarettes in rations to soldiers continued for another 30 years. Although as time went on, the evidence linking lung cancer to tobacco was

The topic that was picked for this Pathophysiology paper is lung cancer. This topic was picked because a lot of people in the United States smoke but why? When this most likely will happen. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States including both men and women. The American cancer society estimates 186,000 new cases of lung cancer are diagnosed each year and more than 165,000 deaths are because of it. The biggest cause of Lung Cancer relating it too 85% of cases is tobacco smoke, because of the repeated exposure to the inhaled substance. And don’t forget about second hand smoke! (Ignatavicius- workman Medical surgical nursing book 7th edition) First this paper is going to tell what to assess for in a patient

A. What is the probability that a randomly selected lung cancer patient will last more

The years following the release of the first Surgeon-General’s report on tobacco use in 1964 have recorded successes and setbacks for public health officials. The report closely followed a release from the tobacco industry in 1954 titled “Frank Statement to Tobacco Users” which basically said that there was no cause for alarm. It rebutted the findings from a study on mice which showed the link between tobacco smoking and lung cancer. It insisted that there was not enough proof or evidence to state that there was a direct link between tobacco smoking and lung cancer.

Lung cancer is a very common to be diagnosed with and harmful to anyone who is exposed to many resources around the world: smoking (first hand and second hand) and pollution. Any resource that is made up of chemicals that are exposed into the air that people breathe, give the risk of affecting others with lung cancer. However, since smoking is the most popular way to cause lung cancer, many people are exposed to it from either firsthand or second hand. First hand smoking is when the person being affected is indirect contact with the source that is giving off the toxins, while secondhand is when the one being affected is not directly connected to the main source. Either way the chemicals and toxins that come from harmful resources soon will build up and affect one’s normal body

This PSA from The American Cancer Society about smoking is memorable due to the use of an iconic image of Dr. Spock and the non-offensive albeit very catchy phrases. I like that this is not morbid like so many other advertisements but instead grabs your attention with an iconic picture and sensible advice. Cigarette advertisements are shown in other countries in ways that have been deemed illegal here in the U.S. Tobacco farming used to be subsidized by the government and dictated how much the farmers were allowed to grow keeping supplies low and therefore demand, and prices, high. In 2004 the government stopped subsidizing the farmers, and supplies and prices skyrocketed. Fewer farmers are growing tobacco, but more land is devoted to the growth

developing lung cancer by 20 to 30 percent. From these facts it’s easy to say

The November 1956 edition of the British Medical Journal published Lung Cancer and Other Causes of Death in Relation to Smoking: a Second Report on the Mortality of British Doctors. Doll and Hill’s first study was limited due to the small number of deaths that occurred during the follow-up period (n=36). By 1956, an additional 82 deaths had occurred which were attributed to lung cancer. With an additional two years of data, Doll and Hill were interested in rate-ratio of lung cancer associated with smoking, as well as any other associations that might be observed. Doll and Hill found that the rate of death of lung cancer non-smokers was about 0.07 per 1000, compared to the lung cancer death rate in heavy smokers of 1.66 per 1000. These death rates showed that heavy smokers were more than 20 times more likely to die from lung cancer than non-smokers, an enormous rate-ratio that was not fully appreciated at the time (p-value < 0.01), and that the ex-smokers received additional protection from lung cancer mortality compared to current smokers (p-value <0.02). Doll and Hill also noted that smokers were 6 times more likely to have been diagnosed with chronic bronchitis compare to non-smokers. At the conclusion of their study, Doll and Hill reported that in their cohort of physicians there was a strong association between lung cancer mortality and smoking

The error in the conclusion in this example would be that the linear correlation found between the number of cigarettes and the pulse rate suggests causality. While we can determine that there is a correlation between the pulse rate and number of cigarettes smoked, we cannot prove that the increases in number of cigarettes smoked cause increases in pulse rates, exclusively. Both variables might be affected by some other existing variable. Simply having a correlation between two variables doesn’t imply a causal relationship. To prove a causal relationship, further analysis is required. While a linear correlation shows the strength of the relationship between the two variables, but it does not show that the one variable is changing at direct

The articles I have chosen have three different insights on genetics of lung cancer and health promotion. Brennan, Hainaut and Boffetta’s peer-reviewed journal article, Genetics of Lung-cancer Susceptibility, suggest identifying genes that are involved in the cause of lung cancer will generate an understanding of the components and lead to additional prevention strategies and personalized treatments. Chen and Kaphingst’s peer-review journal article, Risk Perceptions and Family History of Lung Cancer: Differences

Lung cancer takes the lives of many at a young age and the cause isn’t always clear as of how this disease was contracted. The most popular idea of what causes lung cancer since early times has been using tobacco. Tobacco contains nicotine which is a highly addictive drug that gives a temporary feeling of relaxation. When people get addicted to nicotine, it becomes incredibly difficult for the victims to stop smoking. According to Brody, Lung cancer has been shown to take the lives of more people compared to any other form of cancer and this is the case since lung cancer is associated with life style. New information regarding lung cancer has shown that about one-fourth of those victims who are diagnosed didn’t obtain it through first hand smoking. People can obtain this illness through an “unlucky” combination of genetics (Brody).

Hence Figure 2 also demonstrates that male have quite a high number of smokers across the years gone by, it believed that this is due to a significant numbers of men smoked pipes or cigars instead of,