Stroke Definition

Cerebral vascular accident or a stroke is the destruction of brain substance, resulting from thrombosis, intracranial hemorrhage, or embolism, which causes vascular insufficiency. In addition, it is an area of the brain denied blood and oxygen that is required and damage is done to a part of the cells. The effect of the patient depends upon where the damage occurs and the severity of the stroke.

Vasospasm is the term used when a constriction of a vein or artery occurs. It is also the cause of death when an aneurysm occurs. More than 50% of all surviving patients that get an intracranial aneurysm have neurological defects.

1-Mr. Franklin had dizziness and was found on the floor. From his history, we know that two years ago he had a thrombotic cerebrovascular accident. The thrombotic cerebrovascular accident is unexpected death of some brain cells because of lack of oxygen when the blood supply to the brain is blocked by blood clots. This is also called stroke or CVA. This traumatic brain injury is related to blood vessel damage. Seizures and dizziness are some of the physical symptoms. We can rule out traumatic brain injuries like fluid buildup in the brain that could cause the brain to swell; skull fractures or wounds that can tear the meninges pooling blood outside the vessels and enabling the bacteria to infect the nervous system.

Different types of intracranial hemorrhages can occur due to injuries to the skull, either directly or indirectly. Epidural hematomas occur when a direct blow to the skull causes injury to the dural arteries or veins that lead to bleeding that accumulates between the dura matter and the skull. If the dural artery is injured, rapid deterioration of the patient neurologic status can occur. As the size of the epidural hematoma increases, the surrounding brain tissues is damaged due to the compression from the pressure of the blood accumulation. The patient may experience a dilated pupil on the side of the injury due to compression of the third cranial nerve. The patient may also complain of a severe headache, visual disturbances and weakness on the opposite side of the injury. If bleeding continues and increases the intracranial pressure, leading to brain shift or herniation of the brain stem which is irreversible and leads to hypertension, bradycardia and respiratory arrest. This trio of symptoms is called the Cushing’s Triad. Epidural hematomas can continue

Subdural or Epidural bleeding – as bleeding grows it pushes on brain which will mean you have difficulty communicating and moving.

A stroke is a type of cardiovascular disease that affects the cerebral arteries, those blood vessels that carry blood to the brain. A stroke occurs when one of those blood vessels in the brain is obstructed or ruptures flooding the brain with blood. Depriving blood and oxygen to the brain results in those immediate cells death, causing the brain not to function properly. Once parts of the brain stop functioning, it can directly affect the areas of the body controlled (1).

Strokes are caused by pathophysiological changes. The two major mechanisms of stroke consist of ischemia and haemorrhage. Ischemia is when there is no oxygen or not, merely enough oxygen to fuel the tissue level in the body. Haemorrhage in the brain, causing strokes can be due to non-traumatic intracerebral haemorrhage (Shah, MD, n.d.) (see appendix 1). This essay will further discuss the implications of strokes on a cellular, organ and system level. Explain the clinical presentation of the signs and symptoms of strokes and how the condition will be managed by a paramedic.

It is “a sudden loss of function resulting from disruption of the blood supply to a part of a brain” (Hincle & Cheever, 2014). The type of stroke Patient S experienced was assumed to be from hyperlipidemia. An atherosclerotic plaque can form in the large blood vessels in the brain. When the plaque become big enough, it can rupture or a small bit may break off and flow into small arteries, which may block the smaller artery. If the artery is occluded, blood cannot flow to certain parts of the brain and an ischemic stroke can occur. Hypertension is a major risk for strokes as well as atrial fibrillation. These diseases increase the risk of an emboli or plaque

Occurs when there is intracranial bleedinginto thee cerebro-spinalfluidd- filled the space betweenarcaned andPiaamaterr membrane on the brain surface figure (9). The main cause to SAH remains a rupture of a cerebral aneurysm. Aneurysm (is a balloon on the blood vessel 's side as a result

Extra-axial hemorrhages indicate that these injuries occur outside the substance of the brain itself. Other injuries that can occur are damage to the neck, spine, and possible retinal hemorrhages or detachment.

Subdural Hematoma occurs when blood vessels, usually veins, rupture between the brain and outermost of the three membrane layers that protect your brain. The leaking blood forms a Hematoma. If the Hematoma keep enlarging, it will result in a decline in consciousness, possibly resulting in death. The three types of Subdural Hematoma are: Acute which happens to be the most dangerous of all three, Usually caused by a severe head injury. Subacute, signs and symptoms develop at a slower

The typical eye indication of inflicted head injury is retinal haemorrhage and thus the severity of the head trauma correlates with the degree of the eye haemorrhage. Most haemorrhages tend to be concentrated near the posterior pole, and can involve one or more layers of the retina. Diffuse fundi bleeds, vitreous haemorrhage or even large subhyaloid haemorrhages are usually associated with worse visual outcomes and even blindness. The cause of retinal haemorrhaging is not entirely clear, but there is a supporting theory as to why retinal haemorrhages do occur. The theory suggests that it is caused by haemorrhages which arise from the back pressure on the central retinal vein, which is caused by elevated intracranial or intrathoracic pressure (Blumenthal, 2002).

According to Emedicine, acute subdural hematomas have been reported to occur in 5-25% of patients with severe head injuries, depending on the study. Subdural hematomas are more common in men than in women, with a male-to-female ratio of approximately 3:1. Two age groups are most at risk of developing chronic subdural hematoma: the young and the elderly. Advanced age and chronic alcoholism are common antecedents, presumably because of brain atrophy, which causes stretching of bridging veins and, thus, predisposes to tearing. The atrophic brain also permits the asymptomatic accumulation of the nascent collection. The mechanism of hematoma growth in infants and toddlers may relate to the striking neovascular response of its outer

Intracranial aneurysms are the cerebrovascular disorder to at least 1.5 times its normal diameter due to endothelial cells losing its elastic and function on the cerebrovascular wall. The most common location for the intracranial aneurysms is at bifurcation points of major arteries which called Circle of Wills at the base of the brain. The intracranial aneurysms, also known as berry aneurysms because of its typical saccular shape, occur in 1-2% of the population, the higher incidence rate in elderly patients aged 60 or older. A subarachnoid hemorrhage due to rupture of intracranial aneurysms induces several symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, visual disturbance and so on, more seriously, leads to stroke. In United States, 1 case per 10000

A cerebrovascular accident more commonly known as a stroke or brain attack is the term used to describe the sudden death of brain cells in a localized area due to inadequate blood flow. In order to woke the brain needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients. This supply is carried to the brain