Introduction
This experiment was about using the microscopes and trying to adjust the objective lens until I was able to see the cells through the ocular lens.
Blood content
Human have different types of blood cells within the body, this includes plasma, platelets, red blood cells and white blood cells.
Plasma cells in blood cells are mostly made of water and have lots of useful substances dissolved within it, it main role is to transport the dissolved food to the rest of the body and transport Co2 to the lungs. Platelets are tiny fragments of cells, it is not a full cell and is made in the bone marrow and its job is blood clotting, when a region of the body is damaged a signal is sent and platelets bind together causing a blood clot so no
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The structure and colour of a red blood cell is come from the haemoglobin which consists of four folded chains of amino acids, this forms the sub groups which are smaller haem groups that are attached together. For each haem group there is an iron molecules which is in a ferrous state (Fe2+), there is 2 sub unit of Alpha (α) which consists of 141 amino acid and 2 sub unit of Beta (β) which consists of 146 amino acid. The haem group keeps the structure of the haemoglobin in place. When an oxygen (O2+) molecule is carried by the red blood cell, it forms a weak ionic bond with the Fe2+ molecule in the four haem group, this is then transported to the rest of the body. Haemoglobin and oxygen combine to form oxyhaemoglobin, this is the reason the blood cell is bright red, when the oxygen is transported to the region it is needed the blood turns back in to haemoglobin this is where its deoxygenated blood and it returns back to the heart then to the lungs where diffusion occurs (CO2) removed through the capillary wall and O2 is absorbed into the blood). Blood being unable to pick up 02 molecules would mean less oxygen will be able to be transported, which would mean that the heart would have to work much harder to transport the small amount of oxygen in the body, this …show more content…
Looking at (Fig 2) which shows the blood cells of IDA sufferer, it clearly shows some of the structure of the red blood cells has changed, it’s not round anymore compared to the healthy individual (Fig1) who has much rounder cells, this is due to the haem group which helps keep the structure of the blood cell, since an IDA sufferer is lacking the iron in the blood its structure deforms and is unable to carry O2+ molecules to the regions it is needed in. (Fig 2) The red blood cells look much paler (Hypochromic) it has a much large empty region in the middle because there isn’t enough Fe2+ molecule to give it the shape it requires but compared to (Fig 1) which is rounder and still has it colour shows a still functioning red blood cell, the empty space in the middle is due the Bi-concave disc
As the concentration of hemoglobin in the Red Blood Cells falls below normal, the total Red Blood Cell count consequently decreases. Therefore, oxygen cannot be adequately carried. (http://www.mayohealth.org/mayo/pted/htm/iron.htm).
Red and white blood cells are the two types of blood cells in the human body. Red blood cells transport oxygen around the body which is transferred through the bloodstream. It moves oxygen into the body and then removes it. They are absorbed through its haemoglobin.
Blood is a bodily fluid that transports oxygen and nutrients to the cells within the body. Blood has plasma that lets the different types of blood travel round the body. Plasma contains proteins that have different functions for the blood- clotting, transporting and defence organisms and osmotic organisations. The plasma carries the red blood cell which has a elastic membrane so it can fit through the small capillaries within the body. Red blood cells can be also known as erythrocytes they don’t have a nucleus when they are matured which gives a bigger space for oxygen, although as there is no nuclei the red blood cells can’t divide so they only live for around 120 days. Red blood cells gain their colour from haemoglobin, oxygenated blood which is known as arterial blood which flows through the arteries coming from the heart and
“Erythrocytes contain haemoglobin, an important respiratory pigment that is essential for human life” (Strech, Beryl; Whitehouse, Mary;, 2010) Haemoglobin is very important because it is an iron-containing protein.
The general charactertics of blood are color, composition, and pH. The composition of blood is determined by collecting blood from a person then it’s placed in a centrifuge which shows plasma is 55% of whole blood and 45 % is erythrocytes. Another name for red blood cells is erythrocytes which are small sacs of blood that carry oxygen and
Blood is made up of straw coloured plasma, the matrix, in which various types of blood are carried. Plasma is mainly water where substances are carried such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, nutrients such as glucose and amino acids, salts, enzymes and hormones. Also there is a combination of important proteins which help with blood clotting, transport,
Red blood cells are called erythrocytes. Erythrocytes is a cell that travels in the blood. The blood consists of four major parts including red blood cells. Blood is a fluid that is inhuman in order to survive. There are different purposed for the red blood cells that are used to keep the body healthy. Red blood cells have a protein that carries more oxygen molecules from the lungs to the body. Hemoglobin leaves the body and returns carbon dioxide to the lungs. Without out this, people will not survive. When the red blood cell pass through the blood vessels in your body the cell forms a shape of a round shape like a donut. It the center it looks flat. Red blood cells have a lack of the nucleus and survive about 120 days. Red blood cell needs to be replaced by fresh ones daily.
Methemoglobinemia is a hemoglobinopathy where the concentration of methemoglobin in the blood is more than 1% of the total hemoglobin [3]. Normal hemoglobin has a reduced ferrous iron (Fe 2+) while methemoglobin has an oxidized ferric iron (Fe 3+). The change in valence prevents methemoglobin from being able to carry oxygen [4, 9]. There are mechanisms in place to reduce the amount of methemoglobin in the blood [2]. Cytochrome b5-Methemoglobin reductase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) methemoglobin reductase enzymes are responsible for reducing the amount of methemoglobin in the blood [9].
Plasma would carry white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets to the injury site, which is the scrape on the hand. Platelets would attach with each other, building a blockade to stop blood flow at the injury site. White blood cells would attack and kill foreign substances that enter through the injury site and try to hurt the body. Red blood cells would provide oxygen at the injury site to help heal the injury, having that platelets have created a blockade.
Our blood is made up of several cells and plasma such as erythrocytes, red cells, that contain hemoglobin, leukocytes, known as white cells, that help the body fight the prevention of bacteria and infection, and lastly thrombocytes, platelets that aid in the formation of blood clotting by discharging various protein substances when one is injured. In addition, oxygenated blood is carried away from the heart through arteries, thick hollow tubes which are elastic, allowing them to dilate and constrict as blood is forced down. When arteries become smaller through re-branching, they become arterioles that feed capillaries. In fact, there are 3 types of capillaries, continuous, which allow small molecules to pass through, fenestrated, involving porous endothelial cells allowing small molecules and limited amounts of protein to diffuse, and discontinuous, which are the most flexible in allowing proteins and blood cells to pass through.
Hematocrit is the percentage of your blood that is made up of red blood cells. A source sited an average hematocrit is between 42% and 54% for males and 38% and 46% for females. The rest of your blood is plasma and is made up of mostly water. During exercise the cardiovascular system has to supply to working muscle. The main function of red blood cells in exercise is the transport from the lungs to the tissues. Exercising and being active it requires amounts of red blood cells in circulation. Athletes can be have a blood condition called sports anemia. Sports anemia is a condition in which an individual has a hemoglobin concentration that is less than ideal for endurance
Haemoglobin is a protein molecule found in red blood cells (RBC). Its role in the body is to transport oxygen from the lungs to the body 's tissues and then returns carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs. The transportation of oxygen is only possible when haemoglobin (Hb) within the RBC binds to oxygen. (Martini & Nath, 2006)
The materials used for the first part of the experiment comprised of the following: a microscope, 4 slides, 4 slide covers, blood samples, lancet, a sheet of paper towel, 3 test tube droppers, Solutions A, Solutions B, and Solution C.
Platelets are small, granulated bodies that aggregate at sites of vascular injury. They lack nuclei and are 2–4 μm in diameter. There are about 300,000/μL of circulating blood, and they normally have a half-life of about 4 days. The megakaryocytes, giant cells in the bone marrow, form platelets by pinching off bits of cytoplasm and extruding them into the circulation. Between 60 and 75% of the platelets that have been extruded from the bone marrow are in the circulating blood, and the remainder are mostly in the spleen
The main functions of this plasma is to transport nutrients such as, proteins, amino acids, gasses throughout the body. Because the plasma consist of mostly water it is easier for the