Substitution Reactions ( Sn2 And Sn )

Objective: The objective of this lab is to observe the synthesis of 1-bromobutane in an SN2 reaction, to see how a primary alky halide reacts with an alcohol.

6. Summarize in a few sentences the halogenation and controlled oxidation reactions of 1°, 2°, and 3° alcohols.

The Hydroxyl group on alcohols relates to their reactivity. This concept was explored by answering the question “Does each alcohol undergo halogenation and controlled oxidation?” . Using three isomers of butanol; the primary 1-butanol, the secondary 2-butanol and the tertiary 2-methyl-2-propanol, also referred to as T-butanol, two experiments were performed to test the capabilities of the alcohols. When mixed with hydrochloric acid in a glass test tube, the primary alcohol and secondary alcohols were expected to halogenate, however the secondary and tertiary ended up doing so. This may have been because of the orientation of the Hydroxyl group when butanol is in a different

The objective of this laboratory experiment is to study both SN1 and SN2 reactions. The first part of the lab focuses on synthesizing 1-bromobutane from 1-butanol by using an SN2 mechanism. The obtained product will then be analyzed using infrared spectroscopy and refractive index. The second part of the lab concentrates on how different factors influence the rate of SN1 reactions. The factors that will be examined are the leaving group, Br – versus Cl-; the structure of the alkyl group, 3◦ versus 2◦; and the polarity of the solvent, 40 percent 2-propanol versus 60 percent 2-propanol.

Abstract: Using hypochlorous acid to convert secondary alcohol called cyclododecanol to the corresponding ketone which is cyclododecanone by oxidation.

The solution that was performed in this experiment was to use sulfuric acid in order to form a protonated alcohol, so when the halogen or nucleophile back attacks the compound, water is displaced. Once the alcohol is protonated, the solution reacts in either an SN1 or SN2 mechanism.

The purpose of this experiment is to examine the reactivities of various alkyl halides under both SN2 and SN1 reaction conditions. The alkyl halides will be examined based on the substrate types and solvent the reaction takes place in.

This experiment utilized the dehydration process of 2-methylcyclohexanol to give a mixture of 1-methylcyclohexene, 3-methylcyclohexene, and methylenecyclohexane. According to Zaitsef’s rule, 1-methylcyclohexene is the major product because it is the most highly substituted product, making it the most stable. 25 mL of 2-methylcyclohexanol was placed into a 100mL round-bottom flask along with 10mL of 9 M sulfuric acid and swirled to mix the contents. [1] H2SO4 is used for the E2 reaction of dehydrating a primary alcohol. The –OH group in 2-methylcyclohexanol donated two electrons to a proton from H2SO4, which forms an alkyloxonium ion. [5] The HSO4- nucleophile attacks an adjacent hydrogen and the alkyloxonium ion leaves, forming a double bond. [5]

SN1 reactions are considered unimolecular nucleophilic substitution mechanisms and are a first-order process. Meaning that the reaction forms a carbocation intermediate and that the concentration of the nucleophile does not play a role in the rate-determining step, which is the slowest step in the reaction. All of the SN1 reaction mechanisms in this procedure can react two different ways. The expected mechanism for these reactions would be that the carbocation would react with the weak nucleophile nitrate, attaching the nitrogen to the positively charged carbon. However, while nitrate is the intended nucleophile in all of the reactions, it is a poor nucleophile. The ethanol used in this reaction is a polar protic ionizing solvent,

Lab Title: Synthesis, Decomposition, Single Displacement and Double Replacement Chemical Reactions Purpose: The objective of lab four was to use the website Late Nite Labs to determine types of chemical reactions. Combining and/or heating various compounds, observing the reactions and balancing equations for the chemicals involved, reveals the chemical reactions. Materials: A computer, Internet, calculator and access to Late Nite Labs.

The purposes of this experiment were to model a bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction between potassium hydroxide (KOH) with 1-bromopropane and determine whether it follows a second-order rate law mechanism. A rate constant of 0.0684 M-1 min-1 was obtained for this reaction at 45.1°C, which was determined through equilibrating the reaction and performing titrations of 0.390 M KOH with 0.1000 M hydrochloric acid (HCl). The activation energy calculated from class data was 50.188 kJ/mol, which deviated largely from the literature range value of 72.80–83.76 kJ/mol. It was concluded that the reaction was consistent with the predicted SN2 mechanism, based on the regression of a trendline.

This practical report is based on the experiment of identifying the two alkanes used in the alcohols. The aim of this practical was to determine the type of alcohol A and B were by using their boiling points and the amount of carbons each alcohol had.

The objective surrounding the experiment outlined by this report is to perform an SN1 reaction to synthesize tert-butyl chloride while recording the reactivity of the compound with sodium iodide and silver nitrate reagents. Nucleophilic substitution reactions, denoted SN1 or SN2, are characterized by a nucleophile (electron pair donor) reacting with an electrophile (electron pair acceptor) to break a bond at a carbon to form a new bond with that carbon.1 In order for the reaction to take place, a compound or element must break away from the electrophile, so it may accept electrons from the nucleophile.2 The octet rule must not be disobeyed and thus, the leaving group allows space for other electrons to attach. Figure 1.1 (right) shows a typical

Then the leaving group can alter the p-sulfanilic acid, which is an aromatic amine in this experiment, into differing functional groups. For this alteration to take place a second aromatic element is added to the reaction mixture. In this experiment that addition aromatic compound is N-N-dimethyl aniline. When this compound is added, diazonium coupling takes place and an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction takes place.

This lab consisted of the conversion of alcohols into alkyl halides through common substitution methods. These methods include SN1 and SN2 mechanism, both of which can occur for this type of reaction. For both reactions, the first step of protonation will be to add hydrogen to the –OH group and then the rest of the reaction will proceed according to the type of mechanism. SN1 reactions form a cation intermediate once the H2O group leaves, then allowing a halide (such as Br) to attack the positively charged reagent1. On the other hand, SN2 reactions are one-step mechanism in which no intermediate is formed and the halide attaches as the leaving