Taking a Look at Superconductors

Johnson, E. D. (2013). Problems with the Standard Model. Retrieved 8 11, 2015, from Physics: ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu

The second one is J. Robert Opeinheimmer (1904-1967) who was an American theoretical physicist and professor of physics at the University of California,

The figure depicts the excitation of an electron into the conduction band thus leaving a hole in the valence band. An electron-hole pair is called an exciton, and the natural physical separation between them is called the excitonic Bohr radius and is characteristic of each material. Thus when a semiconducting material approaches a size nearing its Bohr excitonic radius, the exciton is said to be confined within the particle and is called quantum

One day while he was dissecting a frog hanging from a copper wire Equality 7-2521 was able to find the power of electricity which he called The Box of Glass which at that time he was exploring in his tunnel

%The invariant mass of the electron pair, evaluated via the energy-momentum four-vectors at the beam pipe,

5. When the circuit gets hotter, what affect does this have on current? Explain using kinetic-molecular theory.

20. Because the magnetic force which deflects the electrons is defined by F = q * v x B

The 1958 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov, Ilya Frank and Igor Tamm for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov Effect. Cherenkov radiation is the electromagnetic radiation emitted by particles moving through a medium faster than the speed of light in the same medium. It was fist a detected by Soviet scientist Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov, of who the effect is named after and a theory was later developed by Ilya Frank and Igor Tamm. Cherenkov’s contributions still live on as an invaluable tool in today's nuclear and subatomic particle physics with examples that include a way to detect and quantify the characteristics of subatomic particles to analyzing high energy cosmic signals from the deepest regions of space. More down to earth uses consist of safety procedures for nuclear reactors and the detection of low concentration biomolecules in the sick and elderly.

Leonard Mandel, an extraordinary magnate optical scientist of his time, was a powerful voice on behalf of physics. He was the Lee DuBridge Professor of Physics and Optics at the University of Rochester: a masterful scientist, exemplary teacher, generous colleague, and beloved family man. He is perhaps one of the most amazing founding fathers of what we call; quantum optics, evolving into the revolution of so called “most exciting areas in science.” He trained society’s understanding of quantum mechanics and lasting ways through ingenious experiments that provided convincing demonstrations and precise tests of many of the most counterintuitive aspects of the quantum nature of light. Rarely has any one individual so intimately investigated and so dramatically advanced our understanding of the quantum mechanical nature of light.

4. Complete the octets o the surrounding atoms using lone pairs of electrons. Any remaining electrons go on the central atom

* Lim Peng Chew, Lim Ching Chai, Nexus Bestari Physics, Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd. , 2013, Pg 18,19

The Drude model can explain the Thermal Conductivity in metals and Electrical Conductivity of metals.

Alan Francis Chalmers is an associate professor who works extensive in the history and philosophy of science (physical). Alan Chalmers has taught at the University of Sydney since 1971, first in the School of Philosophy, and from 1987 at the Unit for the History and Philosophy of Science. He attained a B.Sc. in physics at the University of Bristol, and his M.Sc. in physics from the University of Manchester. His Ph.D. on the electromagnetic theory of J.C. Maxwell was granted by the University of London. He was elected a Fellow of the Academy of Humanities in 1997. He has been a Visiting Scholar at the Flinders Philosophy Department since 1999.

In the early 1900's a duch physicist by the name of Heike Kammerlingh Onnes (pictured above), discovered superconductivity. Before his discovery, Onnes had spent most of his scientific career studying extreme cold. The first step he took toward superconductivity was on July 10, 1908 when he liquified helium and cooled it to an astonishing 4 K, which is roughly the temperature of the background radiation in open space. Using this liquid helium, Onnes began experimenting with other materials and their properties when subjected to intense cold. In 1911, he began his research on the electrical properties of these same materials. It was known to Onnes that as materials, particularly metals, cooled, they exhibited less and less resistance. Bringing a mercury wire to as close to absolute zero as possible, Onnes observed that as the temperature dropped, so to did the resistance, until 4.2 K was reached. There resistance vanished and current flowed through the wire unhindered. Below is an approximate graph displaying resistance as a function of temperature for the experiment Onnes conducted with mercury:

We have now discussed the two extremes in electronic materials; a conductor, and an insulator we will now move to a material that lies in between these two, a semiconductor. The