Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Background
Many teaching methods have thrived and languished in history. Task-based language teaching (TBLT), which is believed to assist students to learn English more effectively via meaningful communication rather than systematically focusing on grammar rules (Ellis 2003),has gained massive popularity around the world and is viewed as a “new orthodoxy” (Littlewood, 2004) over the last two decades. A proliferation of books in relation to TBLT have been published (Prabhu,1987; Candlin &Murphy,1987;Crookes and Gass,1993;Estaire and Zane,1994; Bygate, Skehan and Swain,2001; Ellis,2003; Jonhson,2003; Nunan,1989,2004; Leaver and Willis, 2005; Van den Branden 2006; Garcia Mayo,2007;Eckerth and Siekmann,2008; Willis & Willis, 2008; Van den Branden , Bygate and Norris, 2009; ), recording the significance of Task-based language teaching by these researchers and teacher educators. Meanwhile, abundant research on the application of TBLT (引用) has been carried out around the world. As Ellis (2009) states that “TBLT has progressed well beyond theory into actual practice” (p. 222)
Therefore, it appeared on the governmental educational policies and was compiled into curricula and commercial syllabuses alike as a central teaching method. Nunan (2004) states that “if official documents are to be believed, TBLT has become a cornerstone of many education institutions and ministries of education around the world” (p.13). In Nunan’s (2003) survey of the
The English Language Learner (ELL) assessment process is different in each state. Each state must assess student’s performance in reading or language arts in order to comply with the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB). In addition NCLB requires that schools receiving Title III funds annually assess the English Proficiency of all Limited English Proficiency (LEP) students participating in Title III programs. Although the assessments may vary, the goals of the assessments are all the same, to assess where students are as they learn the English language. Is this assessment enough or should alternative assessments be required?
Presently there is a rising number of English Language Learners (ELLs) entering into classrooms all over the country. According to the three research studies that I utilized, there are several varied assessment approaches for teaching ELLs in reading (Davis-Lenski, Ehlers-Zavala, Daniel, & Sun-Irminger, 2006; Dreher, & Letcher-Gray, 2009; Ebe, 2010). English Language Learners (ELLs) consistently struggle with some aspects of reading because, they lack background knowledge in terms of the generalized text selections, which they are often given (Davis-Lenski, Ehlers-Zavala, Daniel, & Sun-Irminger, 2006; Dreher, & Letcher-Gray, 2009; Ebe, 2010). The data across all three journal documents agrees that there is an achievement gap where ELLs
Within this paper we will take a brief look at the Language Acquisition Principles and how they work on the behalf of ELL students. We will see how these principles can be applied within our own learning environment. There is much information from Walqui article that gives a brief overview of ELL students and how things looked in the past for these students. Now that times has change we will see how educators can make the requirements for ELL students better and more effective for teacher and students. Hopefully, as we look at ways of changing learning for our ELL students we must remember that every student learns differently. Even if you follow the principles from
2. How does task-based learning differ from grammar-based one in terms of improving students’ language proficiency (speaking, listening, writing, reading, use of language) ?
There have been many policies and legal battles when it comes to English Language Learners. For every policy, then will inevitably be a case to challenge it, as it is difficult to define what is truly equitable for every ELL student. Programs for English Language Learners (ELLs) have struggled to get the needed recognition and support from school district offices of our public schools. One piece of legislation that was passed to help end the inequality of education for these students was the Equal Education Opportunity Act or EEOA. The EEOA mandated that all students that are identified as an English Language Learner are to receive individual English only instruction. This is a good start to offering the right kind of instruction that is needed for students who are struggling to learn a second language.
The second language learner that I have chosen to assess in my case study is an international student from Korea who is now attending year 11 and does the ESL course at my school, the Hills Grammar School. I will refer to my student with the name ‘John’ for confidentiality reasons.
This chapter identifies language assessments for English Language Learners and Bilingual students. Over the next several years, the United States educational system will see a dramatic increase in culturally and linguistically diverse students from various racial and ethnic minority groups.
During the 1990s the immigrant population expanded quickly and by a large amount. According to Eggen and Kauchak (2007) “experts estimate that by the year 2020 two thirds of the school population will be African American, Asian, Hispanic, or Native American. This means there will be great cultural diversity in our society and in our schools.” Educators will need to be educated on how to teach in a diverse classroom. Teachers will need to have an understanding for English-language learning children and the way they learn. All educators must be able to teach ELL students while encouraging them to continue to use their native language while learning to speak English. Teachers must also remember to try to keep all families
Language is the link between people. English is the international language of business which opens up many opportunities to non native speakers. This English Language Teaching skills provides valuable service to immigrants in English speaking countries and many more. This paper helps the learner to enhance the intercultural communication in the classroom or any place. It is an opportunity to enable the learners to relish the English language. It mainly concentrates on the beginners to Intermediate who wants to create an interest in learning this language.
Education has long been the center of reform with new ideas about learning and teaching. Educators are regularly introduced to new teaching strategies, curricula and rigorous standards in an effort to provide effective instruction to students. However, the pursuit of proficiency in mathematics and reading through the use of research-based methods requires an understanding of the learning models and theories that both drive instruction and learning in the classroom. In this paper I will address the evolution of ideas about learning and teaching in education as well as address the shifts in learning in the 21st century.
It is not uncommon to say that grammar instruction plays an important role in language teaching. Regarding the status and importance of grammar teaching, a variety of opinions have been made. Batstone (1994) states that “language without grammar would be chaotic: countless words without the indispensable guidelines for how they can be ordered and modified” (p. 4). More vividly, Wang (2010) makes two similes. She compares grammar to the frame of a house, which is a decisive factor to ensure the solidness of it. Additionally, she regards grammar as a walking stick, whose function is to help and support students to learn English. Thus, the nature of grammar instruction manifests its own significance as it helps students
In the long history of language learning, especially in the case of learning English as L2, educationalists have been tirelessly trying to explore more and more practical approaches that ranged from conventional methods like Grammar translation method, Direct method, Situational Language Teaching etc., to the latest mode of communicative approach. The conventional teaching methods - the unsuccessful result of the earlier language theories, were proved to be ineffective, because it was felt in all the methods, that the learners were passive and the teaching-learning process was mechanical. Hence during the 1960s, a new trend of language teaching called Communicative Language Teaching paved its way into classrooms in the early 1960’s and has
“In the world were over seven thousand languages have exisisted, one language had become dominate. This dominant language is English.” “In the majority of countries throughout the world speak English as their second or first language, no longer just America or England.” English has taken many forms, American English, the Queen’s English, Australian, Canadian English, and several others. Even American English has taken several types of English, Jersey English, East Coast English, West Coast English, Southern English, slang English, and Ebonics. All of these languages have major variants between them, but are all of them are still understood aboard. Without English the world couldn’t operate,
1 UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES FACULTY OF ENGLISH LINGUISTIC AND LITERATURE REFLECTION PAPER TESOL-MA Program Course: Advanced Teaching Methodology Name: ân ĐClass: 2016-B Instructor: ương, Ph.D. Taking the course of MA on TESOL, whose design is research-oriented, post-graduates are required to accomplish credit subjects including Advanced Teaching Methodology. It is obviously an opportunity for master students not only to review what they have learned but also to have an in-depth insight of issues related to teaching and learning English as a foreign language. Two-third of a nine-session course passed and it is time for course learners to take a look back on what they have experienced via a reflection paper. From a very personal perspective, in the one hand, this paper is going to summarize what have been presented and discussed throughout six weeks; and in the other hand, it includes certain points that the writer himself have interests in. The first session of the course focused on knowing of English language learners. In order to help learners achieve success in conquering a second language, it is important that teachers should pay careful attention to what their learners’ role is, viewing from both inside and outside the classroom. In addition, learners’ extrinsic and intrinsic motivation must be also taken into account if the teacher wants to
English as a medium of instruction has developed as a global trend for a range of reasons. Nowadays EMI is truly a global phenomenon. In this literature review, I look at the historical backgrounds of EMI in three periods prior to a global phenomenon. What is more, I reflect upon the current developments of EMI at tertiary education focusing on the spread of EMI into the global universities, EMI in European universities, EMI in Asian universities and EMI in Thai universities. In each section, I link the current literature review to my initial research at the end of the sections in order to form my research grounds.