Temperature Affects The Rate Of Enzyme Reaction

Enzyme can be defined as a protein molecule that is a biological catalyst. (Ophardt, 2003) Catalyst increases the speed of a reaction but does not have to use anything to help increase the speed. An enzyme can be determined by their properties. Enzyme are a substrate specific, substrate connects to an enzyme at the location of an active site. Enzyme is not used in a reaction and enzyme function in a good condition at the optimum temperatures and pH. (Ahmez2005) Peroxidase is a type of enzyme which is used in the experiment.

Enzymes are protein molecules that are biological catalysts in the human body, meaning that they contribute in the breaking down of certain molecules. Enzymes have a specific active site which the substrate (reactant) that is complementary to will bind with. When the substrate and enzyme bind, an enzyme-substrate complex occurs which means that a reaction takes place. The enzyme acts as a catalyst and breaks the bonds of the substrate. However different enzymes have different optimum pH &temperature values at which they can be active.

Enzymes are types of proteins that work as a substance to help speed up a chemical reaction (Madar & Windelspecht, 104). There are three factors that help enzyme activity increase in speed. The three factors that speed up the activity of enzymes are concentration, an increase in temperature, and a preferred pH environment. Whether or not the reaction continues to move forward is not up to the enzyme, instead the reaction is dependent on a reaction’s free energy. These enzymatic reactions have reactants referred to as substrates. Enzymes do much more than create substrates; enzymes actually work with the substrate in a reaction (Madar &Windelspecht, 106). For reactions in a cell it is

Enzymes are defined as catalysts that speed up chemical reactions but remain the same themselves. The shape of an enzyme enables it to receive one type of molecule and that specific molecule will fit into the enzyme’s shape. Where a substance fits into an enzyme is called the active site and the substance that fits into the active site is called a substrate. Several factors affect enzymes and the rate of their reactions. Temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, and the presence of any inhibitors or activators can all affect enzymes. Temperature can affect enzymes because if the temperature gets too high, it can cause the enzyme to denature. pH can affect an enzyme by changing the shape of the enzyme or the charge properties of the substrate so that either the substrate cannot bind to the active site or it cannot undergo catalysis. Every enzyme has an ideal pH that it will strive in. Increasing substrate concentration increases the rate of reaction because more substrate molecules will be interacting and colliding with enzyme molecules, so more product will be formed. Inhibitors can affect enzymes and the rate of their reactions by either slowing down or stopping catalysis. The three types of inhibitors include competitive, non-competitive, and substrate inhibition.

Enzymes are globular proteins meaning that they are tertiary proteins, Globular proteins are made up of amino acid subunits that are merged together by hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds and disulphide bridges. They act like catalysts, they are known as biological catalysts. Catalysts are substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions. Enzymes are also proteins that have the structure of complex shapes, they allow smaller molecules to fit into them. This place where the substrate molecules are able to fit into the enzyme is known as the active site.

Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions, without being used up or changed. Catalase is a globular protein molecule that is found in all living cells. A globular protein is a protein with its molecules curled up into a 'ball' shape. All enzymes have an active site. This is where another molecule(s) can bind with the enzyme. This molecule is known as the substrate. When the substrate binds with the enzyme, a product is produced. Enzymes are specific to their substrate, because the shape of their active site will only fit the shape of their substrate. It is said that the substrate is complimentary to their substrate.

Enzymes are proteins that either speed up a chemical reaction without being used in a process in other words it is also catalyze (Jacklet 1998). They have different regions on its surface called an active site where it can recognize one or more molecules (Jacklet 1998). Enzymes are the main reason for living cells chemical reactions to stay alive (Jacklet 1998). Substrate chemically attracts the active site to bind and form short lived partnership the enzyme substrate complex (Jacklet 1998). When the reaction has occurred the substrate has

Enzymes are key to the proper function of cellular life. From aiding in digestion to assisting in the transformation of energy from one type to another, enzymes are crucial for human daily life. Luckily for the cell, enzymes are not destroyed when they catalyze a reaction, but can be used over and over. Each enzyme has a specific job because they can only recognize one substrate, which is the molecule (or molecules) the enzyme acts on, or a few closely related substrates, and convert it into a specific product. Each enzyme is shaped in its own specific way because of the hydrogen bonds that cause it to helix or pleat in different sections.

The substrate is the reactant substance, which enters the active site of an enzyme through induced fit by different chemical bonds such as hydrogen, or ionic bonding, where it will then be converted to a product. An enzyme-substrate complex is then formed and the rate of reaction rapidly progresses (Sandhyarani, 2011). Enzymes carry out reactions in optimal conditions, thus any changes in the environment affect the rate of which substrates and converted to products. Substrate and enzyme concentration, pH levels, and temperature are all environmental factors that may, increase the rate of reaction or if they are too extreme, denature the enzyme itself to prevent any further effectiveness (Karp, 2005).

The Enzyme Properties Lab was performed to analyze the effects of pH, enzyme concentration, and temperature on the catalytic rate of enzymes. Many functions within the human body require/involve enzymes. It was found that enzymes have an optimal pH level, catalytic rate increases as the concentration of the enzyme increases, and an optimal temperature. The enzyme that was used throughout the experiment was ALP (alkaline phosphatase enzyme). ALP functions best at a neutral pH level, as it had the largest calculated enzyme activity of 2.05E-03. When pH went above or below the neutral value the enzyme activity tended to fall. ALP’s calculated enzyme activity tended to increase with an increase in enzyme concentration, as the calculated enzyme activity of the high enzyme concentration environment was 0.004607, which was larger than the other conditions. The last part of the experiment involved temperature and it was found that the optimal temperature for the enzyme was 32°C with a calculated enzyme activity of 0.000353. When temperature was below or above the optimal temperature the calculated enzyme activity dropped. Enzymes can begin to change shape and lose function when conditions are not appropriate, which was seen in the enzyme activity of ALP in varying environments. It can be concluded that enzymes play a major role in many reactions, but if conditions (pH, enzyme concentration, and temperature) are not appropriate enzyme activity tends to drop. The results supported the

Introduction: Enzymes are specifically folded proteins which catalyse biological reactions in living organisms, they consist of an active site in which specific substrates can enter and a reaction takes place. As the enzyme does not permanently change structure, meaning the active site stays the same it allows multiple substrates to complete the reaction through single enzymes. The substrates are complementary to the active site of the enzyme and can be synthesised or degraded in order to create new products useful to the organism. Enzymes enable the substrates to be orientated in a way that allows for the reaction to take place more readily without relying on the chance of accurately positioned collisions of particles with sufficient energy.

INTRODUCTION Enzymes are proteins which exist for the purpose of speeding up reactions without being consumed by them (Mader, 2010.) The actions of enzymes can be directly affected and altered by changes in the environment which include but are not limited to increase or decrease in temperature, pH levels or concentration. The first part of the experiment focuses on a particular enzyme driven reaction known as photosynthesis. Photosynthesis acts to fuel ecosystems and provide the Earth’s atmosphere with oxygen.

An enzyme is a substance that acts as a catalyst in living organisms by speeding up the rates of chemical reactions in that organism (Coker, 2015). Enzymes, which are proteins, are the most common biological catalysts (Herz, 2017). Enzymes are able to increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur. However, one thing that enzymes do not do is supply free energy to a reaction or change the total energy of a reaction (Herz, 2017). Enzymes also follow a rule of substrate specificity. This means that each enzyme catalyzes the reaction of a single substrate or a group of closely related substrates, and is also the reason why a typical cell in the human body needs over 4,000 enzymes to function (Herz, 2017). Enzymes are also reusable, because they are not consumed in the reactions they catalyze (Coker, 2015). Temperature and pH are two main factors that affect enzyme activity. When fluctuations in temperature and pH occur, an enzyme may denature and lose its function (Coker, 2015). For most enzymes, extremely high temperature and an extremely low and acidic pH can cause the protein to denature.

Hypothesis: If the temperature increases, then rate of the chemical reaction will increase as well, and if the temperature decreases, then the rate of reaction will also decrease.

Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up the rates of reactions by lowering the activation energy necessary for the reactions to occur. Enzymes accomplish this through finding a lower energy pathway for the reaction to take place. The specific enzyme used in this experiment was amylase. It functions by breaking down starch into maltose. The overall question posed in this experiment was whether or not an increase in temperature would result in a significant change in enzyme activity, more specifically whether a 20° C increase from 4°C to 24°C would result in a significant change in enzymatic activity. The biological hypothesis was temperature has an effect on the rate amylase digests starch. The null hypothesis was there is no