The Animal Kingdom and Their Diversity of Vision

After being shown a picture of an elephant they eye will take the light that is reflected from the object and it will enter the eye through the pupil. Then the light will be focused by the cornea and the lens to form a sharp image of the elephant in the retina. The retina is the network of neurons that cover the back of the eye and contains the visual receptors for a person vision. The visual receptors are made up of cones and rods that contain light sensitive chemicals called visual pigments. Visual pigments reacht to light and cause a triggered electrical signals to occur. These electrical signals will then flow through a network of neurons and this network of neurons is what makes up a persons retina. After the flow through the network of neurons occurs the electrical signals will emerge from the back of the eye in the area

One has probably heard the simile, “you must be blind as a bat!” Well in fact, this statement is false, bats are not blind. Formally known in the mammal family as Chiroptera, bats can be split into two sub orders known as mega-bats (flying foxes or fruit bats) and micro-bats. Typically, when bats are thought of it is commonly known to have the characteristics of having echolocation, or sonar vision, to aid detection of objects in complete darkness. As illustrated in Figure 1, echolocation is the use of sound waves made by the contraction of the larynx, these waves are then reflected back from the moving object to signal the bat.

Furthermore, color vision is not only beneficial in the survival of animals in the wild, but also the quality of life of animals in captivity. If an animal’s color vision is able to be determined, then enrichment, diet, and exhibit design can all be modified in a manner that provides the greatest mentally stimulating environment for the perception of that one individual. Ultimately, color vision is an

5. (8 pts) Trace the image of the bee to perception. (Include all focusing, transduction, transmission and perception processes and structures).

Lead Geneticist Bryan Jennings of Boston Medical Center says that ‘the possibilities could be endless, with proper research. For now, we’re starting small. Instead of hearts or blood or digestive organs, we are testing eyes.’ Mantis shrimps are creatures found in warm, shallow water. The shrimp’s most valuable quality for genetic purposes are the sixteen color-receptive cones in it’s eyes. Essentially, the color spectrum visible to humans is developed by just three color-receptive cones over the retina. That means billions of colors humans miss that mantis shrimp can see. The new process involves surgery that extracts all of the cones in humans, and replaces them with all of the mantis shrimp

They have well-developed eyes adapted for low light and most have poor color vision. The olfactory senses are highly developed, and these fish have large nostrils; they are able to follow scent trails that may help them find mates. They have taste buds in their mouths that make some species selective eaters. Their ears contain 3 pairs of semicircular canals to maintain equilibrium and respond best to low

Humans have a unique and wonderful device in how one sees. The eye and brain work together to turn the world into visual data one’s brain can understand and use. There are some eye conditions that inhibit the sight or the recognition of the shapes one sees. Research continues to overcome these conditions as well as to further understand the biochemical reaction that gives humans the sight and understanding one has of visual data. Included in the paper are some of the latest research methods.

3. (10 points) Trace the image of the bee to perception. (Include all focusing, transduction, transmission and perception processes and structures)

Furthermore, there are aquatic organisms such as the mantis shrimp that has an estimated 12-16 photoreceptor cells. In the presence of the 750 nm wavelength of light that humans cone cells aren’t sensitive enough to signal an observation, the mantis shrimps red cone cells are sensitive to this wavelength of light and can absorb the wavelengths to send a response to their brain. In the presence of UV-B (290-320 nm) wavelengths, humans blue cone cells aren’t sensitive enough or able to absorb enough of the light to signal a response to their brain. Whereas the Mantis Shrimp has various photo receptors that are sensitive to these

Owls have global stereopsis and use disparity, the inconsistency, as a depth cue with hyperacute exactness.

In theory catfish are unable to use visual clues to track prey in their dark habitats so they follow recent chemical trails left behind by smaller fish like for instance

This paper considers that focused primarily on human iris. This choice of this topic was made due to interest of wanting to provide knowledge about the factors that determine eye color. I know, like hair or skin, brown eyes are dominant over blue eye genes. I also know that a person can be identified by the retina scanners because everyone has their iris with unique structural patterns.

In evolutionary terms colour and the way it is perceived is an important aspect. Sumner and Mollon (2000a) conducted research looking into the photopigments and the detection of targets. They found that the L/M subsystem provides an advantage for the detection of fruits and leaves. This led them to their conclusion that finding these foods may have been an essential selective advantage in the original development and maintenance of primate trichromacy, and thus the process of colour perception can be beneficial to primates. Despite having the same visual system, the research is problematic as it was conducted on animals, and thus the findings may not be the same when applying it to the human concept of colour vision. Further support towards the evolutionary basis of colour perception comes from Bompas, Kendall and Sumner (2013) who found that normal trichromats made faster responses and fewer errors than their colour deficient competitors. This shows that colour is an important aspect and both of these research findings combined suggest enhanced survival due to the way in which colour is

Almost all animals and a fair amount of plants are photosensitive. Photosensitive is the ability to detect and react to light. Many organisms can only recognise simple light, and react to them, however their eyes are not developed enough to recognise colour or images. To be able to form an image, an organism needs far more developed eyes. Almost all vertebrates, and some more

Normal vision occurs by a coordinated synthesis of the retinal images into a single brain image. If, however, one of the eyes does not transmit a coordinated or useful image the brain may choose to ignore this image when conducting its synthesis. The region of the