The Applicability of Resiliency Models in Explaining the Prediction of Depressive Symptoms From Rumination

Depression is a mood disorder which is categorised by low mood and a wide range of other symptoms, which will inevitably differ depending on the individual. This mental health illness can either progress at a fast rate or steadily. Many scientific and medicinal professionals view depression as a defence mechanism that the body implements in order to escape from stress. Seligman (1973) discussed depression in terms of it being like a ‘common cold’ of psychiatry, due to how frequently it is diagnosed. The behaviourist approach accentuates the significance of the environment in regards to determining an individual’s behaviour. To behaviourist theorists, our behaviour does not relate with our internal unconscious struggles or suppressions. However, psychologists in this field use ideologies of the learning theory to explain human behaviour. According to the behavioural theory, dysfunctional behaviour such as depression is learned and so because of this, psychologists propose that it can also be unlearned. This perspective focuses on behaviour which is observable and the circumstances in which a particular individual has learnt that behaviour. As a result, depression is therefore seen by behaviourist theorists as a result of an individual’s contact with their environment.

There are four noteworthy groups of depressive indications; emotional, cognitive, motivational and somatic.. Each of these bunches of depressive manifestations sway both conditionally and autonomously upon the discouraged person. Actually, as one arrangement of bunches starts to influence the individual another effects and fortifies the depressive impact (Dahlgren, 2008).

Major depression is a commonly diagnosed psychological disorder affecting individuals’ ability to feel happiness and peace of mind. Those who suffer experience negative emotions, lack of motivation, changes in behaviour and dysfunctional cognitive symptoms. Depression is classified by the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders Fifth Edition (DSM-5) as five of more of the listed symptoms present persistently over the same two weeks. One of these symptoms must be depressed mood or loss of interest in previously pleasurable activities. Depression causes disruption to typical daily life such as inability to maintain friendships and jobs. Other symptoms outlined by the DSM-5 include; insomnia, fatigue and recurrent thoughts of death. There is much debate over what exactly causes depression. Biological explanations question hereditary and neurotransmitter factors. While psychological theories include the cognitive ideas of Beck’s negative triad and hopelessness theory. This essay will focus on the ways in which psychological and biological explanations contrast and how their theories can overlap to better understand depression.

Cognitive theories of depression try

The study contained 105 adults, all parents, with a mean age of 36. The majority of them were women, as well as Caucasian. The structured clinical interview was done to find any lifetime histories of DSM-IV axis 1 disorders, as well as the Beck depression inventory II to assess current depressive symptoms, with minimum to mild scores being reported. A self-report questionnaire was used to assess the level of rumination

The majority of research investigating rumination and its role in the maintenance and exacerbation of depressive mood has been conducted in adults. However, a few of studies have examined developmental changes in rumination and its relation to concurrent depression, and depressive symptoms over time, in youth samples. Research on developmental changes in emotion regulation strategies has found age-dependent increases in emotion-focused coping among children and adolescents, indicating that these strategies may be underdeveloped in childhood (e.g., Compas, Malcarne, & Fondacaro, 1988; D. Donaldson, Prinstein, Danovksy, & Spirito, 2000; Frydenberg & Lewis, 1993). One study focusing specifically on ruminative coping found that the occurrence of rumination tends to increase from late childhood through adolescence, ages 8 to 14 years, and that children and adolescents

1. Agency involves regaining a sense of control over one’s life which is also referred to as self-efficacy. Agency also involves taking responsibility for one’s actions. Generativity is a desire to give back to the next generation. True self is the realization that the ex-offender has always been a “good” person although they didn’t realize this previously due to extenuating circumstances.

One of the three questionnaires was about the mood and anxiety symptoms. The participants were asked “how much during the past seven weeks they experienced symptoms (e.g., “I felt like a failure”) on a 5-point scale from not at all to extremely” (Flynn et al., 2010). The results have shown that for men, the depressive symptoms are positively related to suppression and non-acceptance. Emotion suppression implicates as a significant factor in men’s depression. As explained by Flynn et al. (2010) there is a stark contrast between the cultural norms of masculinity and depressive symptoms, it can be seen that the emotional suppression is the result of depressive symptoms as men try to avoid a negative response for being incapable to “take it like a man” (Flynn et al., 2010). It is clear that the strength of this literature is how the author has used gender difference in the ability to discuss the effect of suppressing and its link to depression. Flynn et al. (2010) state that “the possibility that the suppression-depression link is more relevant for men than for women”. One of the weaknesses in this literature is the way that the study was examined, Flynn et al. (2010) have used a questionnaire to assess the general distress

According to Wells et al. (2012), Cognitive Attentional Syndrome (CAS) “consists of chains of verbal processing in the form of rumination and worry, a pattern of attention called ‘threat-monitoring’, and other coping and self-regulatory behaviours that have ironic effects

Denson describes three different types of rumination at the cognitive level: content focus, mode of processing, and the vantage perspective. The content focus of rumination is either provocation-focused or self-focused. Provocation-focused rumination is concerned with the incident that angered them (e.g. the person who insulted them and leads to increased thoughts of anger and revenge. Self-focused rumination occurs when the person ruminates on themself (e.g. considering the insult to be a true reflection of themself). Self-focused rumination will increase self-awareness and the individual will try to understand

In this article, Susan Nolen-Hoeksema proposes the hypothesis that people who engage in rumination over events and spend time worrying about the emotional factors will show signs of depression for a longer amount of time than the people who immediately focus on how to solve the problem. She argues that ruminating on problems allows negativity to cloud thoughts and does not lead to active problem-solving.

Resilience is of great importance for individuals working in complex and instable environments. Individual Resilience is the ability of the individuals to bounce back and sustain in the facade of adverse conditions. Research revealed that resilient employees are more likely to be productive, agile and innovative during the turbulent times, thereby making it essential to have an individual centric measure of resilience. Many such instruments are available in the literature but there is no resilience scale widely accepted by researchers and most importantly none of the instrument has been used to measure the resilience capacity of IT employees. The current study examined the psychometric properties of Connor-Davidson Resilience scale in the sample of Indian IT Executives. Data was collected using 25- Item CD-RISC scale from 160 employees of 12 IT firms located in Chandigarh tricity region. The result of exploratory principal component factor analysis with varimax rotation and Confirmatory Factor Analysis verified the original five factor structure as given by Connor and Davidson (2003). In this study 74% of variance was jointly explained by the five factors. The result supported the dimensionality, reliability (α = 0.85) and validity of the CD-RISC scale for measuring the IT Executives resilience. The results of the study helps in representing individual resilience as first order construct made up of 5 dimensions: Personal competence, High standards and Tenacity, Trust in

Various studies have been conducted on understanding the nature, causes and treatment of rumination. However it is important to understand its functions in the first place. Research has shown that rumination caused by depression can have hazardous

     Psychological theories of depression focus on the way people think and behave. Some theories emphasize the role irrational though processes. It states that depresses people tend to view themselves, their environment, and the future in a negative light because of errors in thinking. These errors include focusing on the negative aspects of any situation misinterpreting facts in negative ways, and blaming themselves for any misfortune. In another view it is said that people with “depressive” personality traits appear to be more vulnerable than others to actual depression. Examples of depressive personality traits include gloominess, pessimism, introversion, self-criticism, deep feelings of inadequacy, and excessive brooding and worrying. People who regularly behave in dependent, hostile, and impulsive ways appear at greater risk for depression. Psychologists also believe that stressful experiences can trigger depression in people who are predisposed to the illness.

Several studies have shown that psychological empowerment has an effect on job satisfaction in a positive way. However, the results of such an effect varies when dealing with the relationship between each individual dimension of psychological empowerment (i.e. meaning, competence, impact, and self-determination) and job satisfaction. For example, Spreitzer, Kizilos and Nason (1997) found a positive relationship between the meaning cognition of psychological empowerment and job satisfaction among a primary sample of lower-level employees working in the insurance sector and a secondary sample of mid-level employees working in industrial sector. It was evident in this study that competence (secondary sample) and self-determination (primary sample) cognitions were less related to job satisfaction than the meaning dimension (in both samples). Surprisingly, the impact cognition had no effect on job satisfaction in either samples. Similar results were found