This paper is an analysis of the books of 1 and 2 Kings. It will examine their authorship, structure, flow, and themes. In addition, it will compare their content to the writings of 1-2 Chronicles, Isaiah, and extra-biblical writers who speak of the same events. Lastly, it will examine the author’s place in history as a historian and theologian. AUTHORSHIP Since writer or writers of Kings did not include their name on the document, their identity is unknown. The rabbis in the Midrash Baba Bathra 15a attributed the authorship to the prophet Jeremiah on the basis that 2 Kings 24:18-25:30 was identical to Jeremiah 52. Traditionally, Christian scholars accepted this explanation without much qualm. However, in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, scholars took the view that someone edited Kings from already existing works. Since the theme of following the Law of Moses recorded in the book of Deuteronomy runs throughout Genesis-2 Kings, most scholars title the person or persons who did the writing and editing of these books the “Deuteronomist.” This paper will refer to the writer of 1-2 Kings as the Deuteronomist in keeping with scholastic tradition. Some scholars believe the Deuteronomist wrote during or after the Babylonian exile. A writing of the end of 2 Kings during the beginning of the exile is plausible but not later than the start of the exile. A comparison of 1-2 Kings and Chronicles proves this theory. Chronicles was written after the
Research in the field of "biblical literary criticism" have rapidly increased in recent decades. The publication of Robert Alter 's 1981 The Art of Biblical Narrative stamps the symbolic arrival of a style of analysis that has now become entrenched in modern biblical research. Robert Alter argues that the Bible is a largely cohesive literary text to be read with a literary purpose. In this essay it is asked if assumptions about texts predicated on the study of modern literature can be profitably applied to a multiple-authored, multi-layered collection of ancient provenance such as the Hebrew Bible and offers a brief critique of Alter 's discussion of the artistic merits and unity of Genesis chapters 37-39.
Contained within the apocrypha are fifteen books: I Esdras, II Esdras, Tobit, Judith, Additions to Esther, Wisdom of Solomon, Ecclesiasticus, Baruch, Letter of Jeremiah, Prayer of Azariah, Susanna, Bel and the Dragon, Prayer of Manasseh, I Maccabees, and II Maccabees. Various authors were involved in writing these books. Unlike the Bible, where each book is named after
The Bible is divided into two sections, the Old Testament and the New Testament. This paper mainly focuses on the Old Testament. The Old Testament has 39 books in total which is also subdivided into four categories namely; Pentateuch books (5 books), the historical books (12 books), the poetic books (5 books) and the prophetic books (17 books). The Old Testament books were written back in 1400 B.C. The Pentateuch books were written by Moses during his time in Canaan, while the other 34 books were also written by different authors at different stated time. The aim of this paper is therefore, to analyze the authorship, dating, content, outline, themes, and unique features of one book of the Old Testament, and the book chosen is the book of Leviticus.
Throughout the Bible, there are an abundance of customs one may come across which are typically exemplified through the stories within the books of the Bible. Judah and Tamar in Genesis 38 are a chief example of how stories are used to reiterate customs, such as marriage, in the Bible. Although some stories may appear to have strange placement, it is important to remember how much detail was put into every chapter and verse which shows that there is a reason each story is where it is.
The book of Amos is the earliest preserved example of classic prophetic writings. It consists of nine chapters, but Amos did not write the entirety of them. “A majority of scholars think that not all of the material in Amos goes back to the prophet himself but was added later by ancient editors of the book.” The anthology contains a variation of materials: prophecies, visions and addresses from Amos to the people of Israel. Two major themes of the book are the social injustice in Israel, and the impending doom in Israel’s future.
Biblically we briefly look at the story of Elisha in 2 Kings; specifically in 2 Kings 6.
The Documentary Hypothesis – Scholarly Rejection The Jerusalem Talmud, a rabbinical review of oral Jewish law, particularly the Mishnah, provides original oral history and review of the Pentateuch. Oral traditions became writings because of the Roman defeat regarding the Jewish Revolt in 70 C.E. resulting in legal as well as social changes. The oral traditions endured criticisms throughout the years, yet Orthodox Jews believe traditional histories over modern, contemporary criticisms. It is these oral traditions that provide solidity to conversions to written accounts.
This writer only covered the fifth and final book of Moses. The Deuteronomy writer is believed to have lived during the reign of king Josiah between 640 and 609 B.C.. The writer of D wrote the Law Code which enforced many rules on the public like not being able to sacrifice outside of a place of worship, limited the power of the kings, and practicing pagan religions. (Friedman 118) Friedman identifies the D writer to be most likely prophet Jeremiah. He supports this by saying that the book of Jeremiah and the Deuteronomy use the same language. He points out that both texts are so similar that they could very well be made by the same person. (Friedman 127) Jeremiah also calls the deity Yahweh so it's possible that the Deuteronomy originated from Judah in the southern
The introduction of the book of Kings talks about Solomon being king as well as Jeroboam it then goes on to talk about the Story of Elijah and Ahab. These two people did not get along. Ahab wanted the Israelites to worship Baal, Elijah did not want that seeing that, he is a prophet he wanted the Israelites to worship God. Since Elijah was becoming old he went out to seek out someone who would be able to take over his position he found Elisha. The next part talks about Elisha’s success. After that it then goes on to talk about the End of the Omrid Dynasty as well as the end of Israel and Judah.
The traditional author of the book is Zechariah, but scholars do not know who is the academic author of the book. Although the academics say that there are two authors who wrote Zechariah so they divide the book in first Zechariah and second Zechariah, because the two different parts of Zechariah show two different points of view in different topics. Also another theory says that second Zechariah uses resources of other books like Deuteronomy and
The Deuteronomist works are thought by scholars to have been compiled around 650 BC during Israel’s Babylonian Captivity from documents written before Israel was exiled. It is uncertain who the Deuteronomist was. Some possibilities mentioned by scholars are Jeremiah’s scribe Baruch, Jeremiah himself, or the priests of Shiloh. It theoretically included all of Deuteronomy, as well as Joshua, Judges, 1 Kings, and 2 Kings.
This is a literary approach to interpreting the Bible and it assesses the three elements of author, text, and reader to view the biblical books as narratives. While using the narrative criticism, I will be exploring the significance of Nineveh, also known as “sin city,” and the role it plays being the capital of the neo-Assyrian empire in the late seventh century B.C.E. I will also be exploring how God’s mercy on the city had a negative impact of Jonah’s personal emotions because he does not view the Ninevites as God’s
Archeologist and historians are able to trace back to when some of the earliest Christian writing was written that correlates with the Bible, such as the Dead Sea scrolls, can be traced back to between 400-300 BC. Understanding the context of where a text comes from and what period it was written in, often give us a unique insight on the pieces of literature and allows us to interpret it correctly. Nevertheless, it may help us also understand other writing that seems to be written about the same story or ones that appear to be similar. While we examine the Quran, we are able to see that there is some evidence indicating the use of some Bible stories, which were first recorded within the Old Testament. The interesting fact is that most of
In the book of Numbers 22-24, we get a very odd story. A story of a man, angels, a talking donkey, curses and more! The author also wants to find out how this can help us understand more of the Bible and Israel. He does this by going through the passage and giving us different ways of approaching the text. The author is critiquing the approaches to help the reader understand the good and the bad of each. The author, Calvin Seerveld gives us a good, in depth study of this passage. In this paper, I will give a summary of what Seerveld is saying on this passage.
This brief book of the Hebrew Bible is very significant in that it is one of only two of the Minor Prophetic books that are addressed entirely to a nation other than Israel and Judah. The Book of Obadiah deals with the ancient feud between Israel and the nation of Edom, between the descendants of Jacob and those of his brother Esau. Through the prophet Obadiah, the Lord expressed His indignation at the nation of Edom. When they should have been helping their relatives, they were gloating over the Israelites’ problems and raiding their homes. “The Book of Obadiah brings an important message about oppressors and the oppressed, betrayers and those who have been betrayed. Arising out of a time of national crisis, it has a word for innocent bystanders and also survivors.” A day was coming, the day of the Lord, when all these wrongs would be righted. The Lord would bring justice to the world.