Physiology and Pathophysiology of Type II Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease Layla Niavarani University of Oklahoma Analysis of the Background Physiology and Pathophysiology of Type II Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary (“Physiology,” n.d.), physiology is defined as a branch of biology that deals with the functions and activities of life or of living matter and of the physical and chemical phenomena observed. Compared to physiology, pathophysiology is a much
Diabetes In diabetes the endocrine system comprises of elevated or inadequate depression of endocrine gland with results in alterations in hormone levels. “Diabetes affect 25.8 million people, or 8.3% the U.S. population, have diabetes and another seven million are estimated to be undiagnosed” (Huether & McCance, 2012, P.447). Diabetes Insipidus “Diabetes Insipidus (DI) is a disorder of insufficient activity of ADH, leading to polyuria (frequent urination) and polydipsia (frequent drinking)” (Huether
perfusion. Many people with type 2 diabetes present with microvascular complications because of the long duration of asymptomatic hyperglycemia that usually precedes diagnosis (Mccaine and Huther). Diabetic Retinopathy Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness globally and in the U.S. adults younger than age 60. It is more common in individual with type 2 diabetes compared to those with type 1 due to long-standing hyperglycemia before diagnosis. Most people with diabetes eventually develops
options to provide patients with individualized, high-quality physical therapy. Pathophysiology: Peripheral artery disease is caused by the narrowing and hardening of blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the periphery of the body. Arterial occlusion from atherosclerosis could be found in many locations throughout the body; however, the lower extremities are affected more often than the upper extremities.1
persists in higher rates than patients without any diseases [96]. As a result, heart rate cannot be a reliable factor to determine CAN; however, decreased heart rate is the primary manifestation of CAN [95]. CAN is considered as a common chronic complication of diabetes mellitus that threatens life of patients with diabetes [97]. Its worldwide prevalence varies from 1.6% to 90% [98]. Dysfunction of autonomic nerve fibers that regulate heart rate, cardiac output, myocardial contractility, cardiac electrophysiology
1. A) Type 1 Diabetes Aetiology: Autoimmune destruction of the beta cells located in the pancreas, both genetic predisposition (Parent/s have type 1 Diabetes) and environment factors (virus: mumps, rubella and toxic chemicals.) upper respiratory infection triggers involved in type 2 Diabetes often referred to as childhood diabetes due to the age of patients diagnosed with this form. Type 1 Diabetes Pathophysiology: Autoimmune- Anti islet antibodies attack through Lymphocyte infiltration and destruction
The Pathophysiology Behind PCOS: Inflammation A Literature Review Alexandra Bailin Abstract, REFS Purpose of review Recent findings Summary Introduction Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder among reproductive aged women, with a prevalence of 16.6-18% according to the 2003 Rotterdam criteria (1-3). Though PCOS is extremely common, up to 70% of women with the syndrome are undiagnosed (3). The PCOS diagnosis is one of ovarian dysfunction and hyperandrogenism, and
system (Workman & Ignatavicius, 2013). Considering the frequent prevalence of UI, it is very essential for nurses to get education and this clinical update about pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment available. Aetiology UI is mainly related with older people, affecting more elderly females than males with a ratio of 2:1 (Miller & Miller, 2011). Study done by Vaughan, Goode, Burgio and Markland (2011) discovered 30 to 60 percent of women and 10-35 percent
treated both pharmaceutically and through lifestyle options. The complexity of an illness can increase or decrease depending on the time required to evaluate and treat the condition. For Emily her conditions are complex as her Crohns Disease and Diabetes Mellitus can interact together, increasing the time taken to diagnose the conditions and increasing the time taken to treat the illness.
Dependent Diabetes Mellitus, Congestive Cardiac Failure, Chronic Renal Failure, Deep Venous Thrombosis and Rheumatoid Arthritis. Knowing patient’s condition, we should know that we are looking after a patient with polypharmacy, in this case ten different drugs that our client is taking on a regular basis. As a competent nurse, we should know the pathophysiology of patient’s co-morbidities, but also, we must look backwards into our client’s health history in order to understand their current clinical manifestations