Erin Rose
Article Review
November 20, 2014
I. Reference: Vrij, A., Van der Steen, J., & Koppelaar, L. (1994). Aggression of Police Officers as a Function of Temperature: An Experiment with the Fire Arms Training System.Journal Of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 4(5), 365-370.
II. Summary:
Temperament and Temperature on the Diamond: The Heat-Aggression Relationship in Major League Baseball, was a study done to see if heat had any effect on baseball players playing more aggressively against one another via number of hit batters per game. Their findings in this study showed a “positive and significant relationship between temperature and the number of hit batters per game.” Similarly, Zillman used his social psychology theories
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III. Hypotheses:
1: High temperatures will increase police officers’ negative affect
2: Police officers will assess suspects as being more aggressive and more threatening in the high temperature condition.
3: High temperatures will increase police officers aggression.
All three hypotheses were supported by the results of a one-way MANOVA test.
A regression analysis was conducted and determined and threatening impression was positively correlated with tendency to shoot
Videotape evidence showed that police officers kept their weapons in their holster more often in control conditions than when in high temperature conditions.
While police shot the suspect more in warmer conditions, the effect turned out to be insignificant.
A logistic regression was conducted which proved that a (perceived) threatening impression was the only significant predictor of shooting behavior (Vrig, A. 1994).
In conclusion; the researcher’s claim that police officers would be susceptible to environmental factors (heat) is supported, and that their official police force training was not enough for them to learn to separate these factors from the situation presented. IV. Variables:
Independent Variable
The independent variable was the temperature in degrees Celsius. The higher temperature was 27 degrees Celsius, the control setting was 21 degrees Celsius. The heating and cooling of the room during the experiment is the variation between the two randomly assigned groups.
Violence take multiple forms, many of which are covered in the nightly news. Murder, rape, familial abuse, bullying, workplace hostility, armed robbery—all of these are societal problems with far-reaching repercussions. There have long debates and discussions regarding whether nature or nurture influences individual violent behavior. People are concerned about what makes an individual to engage in violent behavior such murder or burglary among other types of crimes. They are also concerned about what makes people stop such behavior. However, there is no precise conception whether nature, nurture or both influence violence. Some people assume that, violent behavior results from individual’s life experiences or upbringing also known as nurture. Others feel that violent behavior is more complex and results from individual’s genetic character or nature. In other words, it is not clear whether violent behavior is inborn or occurs at some point in persons’ lives, but even it’s hard, emphasizing one and ignoring other influences is always an unwise way to go.
Police behavior plays a gigantic role in whether or not an officer will be willing to use excessive force against a suspect such as their background, training, morals, and composer in stressful situations. In Worden’s article he explains three theories about police behavior that comprise of existing research on police behavior and they’re training. These are sociological, psychological, and organizational theory. He explains sociological theory as the premise that police behavior is
Police work is dangerous. Sometimes police put in situations that excessive force is needed. But, because some officers use
In light of the recent spate of police-involved homicides of suspects who may or may not have put the lives of the police involved in fear for their safety and well-being, this paper seeks to examine the use of deadly force by police officers in the line of duty. The training involved in using one’s service weapon in situations that call for a determination of the use of force will be explored, as will the rules, regulations, and extenuating circumstances that lead to the firing of a service weapon in the line of duty, resulting in the death of a suspect. The Supreme Court cases that have led to and/or upheld laws allowing a broader interpretation of what is considered justifiable use of deadly force will be briefly examined. Additionally, the use of non-lethal weapons, such as Tasers, by police forces and how the availability of these weapons influences the rate of deadly force will be inspected. Finally, an elucidation of the various perceptions of the general public of the police after use of deadly force is used within their communities will be addressed.
As law enforcement officers develop “working personality” as an occupational exercise, over time it becomes a habit displayed equally during work and off duty, which leads to becoming continuously suspicious of their surroundings, violating civilians constitutional rights, using excessive force, and acts of mayhem. The following are examples of when law enforcement officers “working personality” progresses into to their personal lives as illustrated in the articles below:
Police officers in a crime prone region and in areas with extreme rowdy criminal behavior may develop some degree of dislike for the law breakers and their approach to dealing with the criminals may be brutal. In such situations, the police officers enforcing law and order act based on their emotions rather than their professional expectations.
Police officers are faced with a wide variety of threatening situations on the job every day, they go through an intensive training at the academy to prepare them for the safety keeping job they have. The use of force may or may not be a significant predicament but it should be viewed by the community as well as the police. Often police officers find
The first major delimitation is that fact that excessive force by police officers is a relevant issue at present time. Furthermore, the questions administered in the survey where constructed for yes or no responses. This produced valid data from professionals within the field of study. Moreover, the research did not cross over into other areas of nonlethal training. The study was strictly about training efforts within the department and its record of
Working in law enforcement can bring in all types of characteristics. From a rookie to a veteran there are attitude changes and different ways things are looked at. Something that doesn’t change or at least shouldn’t change is the police personality. This paper will take a look at the police personalities and how it has effects on other parts of the police like the subculture.
The history of policing can be traced back to the beginning of time. When looking at the subject of police work there is a large culture and history that follows along with it. There are many topics that can be analyzed when identifying, and describing the elements and the significances that are associated with policing. A large element of the police job that plays a large factor in the work and attributes to the policing culture is the amount of stress that an office will face while performing on the job. Another part of the job that plays a large part in the culture
The psychologists recommend for police departments to periodically evaluate the officer 's using methods other than routine psychological tests. They recommend better training and increasing behavioral monitoring on all officers. Current screening methods to evaluate police candidates are limited almost exclusively to psychological tests and preemployment clinical interviews. New screening technologies could enable psychologists to examine such areas as a candidate 's decision making and problem-solving abilities and the ability to interact with others. These things are important for resolving problems without using excessive force.
Whenever police officers come into contact with citizens, there is a chance that the encounter will digress to one in which force is used on a suspect. Fortunately, most police activities, such as traffic or investigative stops, or even arrests, do not result in the use of force (Alpert, 2004).
Statistics indicate many aggressors at some point or another have witnessed acts of violence. During childhood, these observed behaviors can have a major impact and influence on adolescent and adult attitudes, perception of self and others. "Children become more susceptible and prone to negative and dangerous behaviors which can
Friederich Nietzsche wrote, “Whoever fights monsters should seek to it that in the process he does not become a monster”. This aptly applies to police officers who face unexpected and potentially dangerous situations every day. Police officers are confronted with destructive and negative behavior on a regular basis. Law enforcement is one of the most stressful and demanding professions in the United States. Characteristics of police work are stressful because a situation can change at any time. An FBI report shows that approximately twelve out of every one hundred or 60,000 police officers are assaulted each year (Stevens, p. 587). Combined with many other factors,
In this era of internet connectivity, access to an array of violent media stimuli is readily available. Scientific exploration of the effects of such exposure on real world violent behaviour carries potential ramifications for the safety of global communities. Media violence is understood here as stimuli that includes depictions of violence or calls to violent action and includes image, video, television and gaming. Violent behavior is defined as behavior causing emotional or physical harm expressed verbally or physically. Whilst there remains no causal proof for the