When the streets of Los Angeles exploded on April 29, 1992, Korean Americans found themselves in a crisis of identity. Known to them as Sa-i-gu, or 4-2-9, the five-day uprising bluntly revealed their cultural separation and its shortcomings. As Los Angeles fell apart, local Korean business owners found themselves confronting their prejudice, which had undermined their relationship with black customers. Following the exposure of these two issues during and after the riots, a mental shift in the Korean American community became evident through its response to the event. By exemplifying the involvement of Korean merchants in interethnic disputes, the Los Angeles riots prompted the integration of Korean Americans into America’s multicultural society.
Prior to the upheaval in 1992, the economic situation of many Korean immigrants, including those who were merchants in Los Angeles, influenced their perceived isolation from other Americans. Although a majority of these Koreans had a high education and desired to work as professionals in America, their foreigner status and limited English prevented them from doing so. Consequently, they resorted to running small businesses, hoping to eventually “achieve mainstream success and therefore upward mobility.” To progress toward this goal, Korean merchants depended on each other for funding; however, despite the financial advantages that this networking brought, it simultaneously kept Koreans from engaging with the society that they
Enstad mentions words such as “invisible” (57, 58), “unanticipated” (61), and “threaten” (60). These words indicate the unknown which stirs a sense of terror among her readers. The unknown remains a mystery, and there is no way to predict its movements. By doing so, she underscores the direness of the spread of this toxicity by pushing against this fear. Enstad even blatantly acknowledges the emotions she’s evoking by jeering that after reading her essay, readers might want to “sanitize one’s own environment” (63). As an author, she empathizes with her audience’s thoughts on her essay which allows her to relate to her audience thus, igniting a need to take charge and further analyze this toxicity that plagues Americans. It is common for a community of people to begin scrambling for solutions to an issue when the danger is imminent compared to a future problem. On the other hand, Kim’s article not only brings together a community for a common cause like Enstad’s but, she appeals to a different emotion through her use of a history strand. Kim’s history strand consists of phrases such as “imperialism” (3), “political turmoil” (4), and “immigrant” (4). She motivates her Asian American audience to unite due to the shared histories of the community. The cultural roots of Asian Americans are not often portrayed in American media and is not commonly discussed. Kim
Korean men made the journey to America as a way to start anew and generate new opportunities. Some saved for the expensive trip and some signed contracts in order to work off the cost of their trip. Korean women’s journey to America was one that offered much more difficulty and disappointment. Korean picture brides was a common
In this essay, I attempted to lay bare the issues of being an Asian-American and being labeled as an ethnic “other” in modern America. This label of “other” causes them to become marginalized and lose their sense of identity, belonging neither to Western culture nor Eastern culture. In order help stop this loss of identity in Asian-Americans, we must tear down the social construct of the “other” and integrate the different cultures into the melting pot of popular culture. Once we have stopped alienating different cultures, we can then have a moral society that upholds diversity and identity.
From Chinatown to Monterey Park, Asian Americans across the boundaries of Los Angeles are flourishing from bustling inner cities to middle class suburbia. The suburban life style was originally created by white Americans for white Americans however in today’s suburban cities and towns there seems to be a substantial group of Asians and Asian Americans thriving in these once predominately white areas(Li 1993, 318). The development of Asians and Asian Americans in the suburbs occurred through the following three ways, first is the development of Chinatown and how it became the Mecca for immigrants and the second is Asian American assimilation into American society. The last reason is the gentrification of towns such as Chinatown, and Little Tokyo.
America is known internationally as a great “melting pot”. From the very beginning, the entire nation was founded on immigrants. People immigrated to America for a chance to escape the oppressive states of their own lands as well as boundless opportunity. Some of the first immigrants from Korea to the United States came in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Seo Jae-pil or Phillip Jaisohn came to America in 1884. He became a citizen in 1890 and strove to educate fellow Koreans and Americans in democracy and freedom throughout his life. Another immigrant and prominent figure in the Korean immigrant community is Ahn Chang Ho. He came to the United States in 1902 to get a better education and eventually became a political activist during the Japanese occupation of Korea. Another prominent figure in Korean immigration history is Syngman Rhee. Rhee was a Korean immigrant to the U.S. who eventually became the first president of the Republic of Korea. Rhee was educated at George Washington University in 1907 followed by his earning of a master’s degree at Harvard in 1910. These devoted Koreans found opportunity in American and thrived in the educational and political field. Other early Korean immigrants did not end up in the scholarly field, however. Some of the first laborers from Korea immigrated to Hawaii in 1903 on January 13. This day is now recognized as Korean-American Day. These laborers were brought in to aid the preexisting Japanese and Chinese laborers. Immigrants traveled
Of course, those Korean immigrants were only ‘fighting’ for their own economic survival in America, too. Yet the assertion was understandable: during the 1970s and 1980s, deindustrialization, which brought unemployment to the middle class, would only exacerbate the conditions of Los Angeles’ most impoverished. The few remaining jobs it left to the slums had been seized and hoarded by Korean immigrants. In the reality of the situation, however, African Americans, despite their efforts and an ongoing movement for civil rights, were simply incapable of achieving the same level of entrepreneurial success of Korean Americans during this time period. The reasons for their shortcomings in Koreatown, in addition to lacking higher education and professional job experience many Korean immigrants had at their disposal, were primarily due to the deeply ingrained institution of prejudice against African Americans. African Americans were helplessly vulnerable to racism—regardless of how hard they worked, they would struggle to compete with other minority groups.
She states, “Children of immigrants are living paradoxes,” and from her experience, this is proven to be true. Her parents, moving to American in hopes of creating a better life, desired Hwang to become one with American culture. However, they also desire her to stay true to what makes her herself, which is her Korean culture. Internalizing Hwang’s pain, her parents told her one thing, but expected her to do another. The emotional confusion is overwhelming. Hwang explains her parents “knew they were embarking on a rough trip,” however, if they knew the way in which Hwang feels they may not have went about the move in they way they have. “I identify with Americans, but they do not identify with me,” (13) is how Hwang feels living in America. She is split between not being Korean enough and not being American enough. She stands on the line between the two, but that line is extremely lonely and
Written by Margaret K. Pai, the Dreams of Two Yi-min narrates the story of her Korean American family with the main focus on the life journeys of her father and mother, Do In Kwon and Hee Kyung Lee. Much like the majority of the pre-World War II immigrants, the author’s family is marked and characterized by the common perception of the “typical” Asian immigrant status in the early 20th century: low class, lack of English speaking ability, lack of transferable education and skills, and lack of knowledge on the host society’s mainstream networks and institutions (Zhou and Gatewood 120, Zhou 224). Despite living in a foreign land with countless barriers and lack of capital, Kwon lead his wife and children to assimilate culturally,
Korean Americans’ racial relations with Latinos changed after the 1992 Civil Unrest. The relationships between Korean and Latinos are described as labor relations. Korean merchants employed Latino workers more than any other ethnic groups because the cost for Latino labors is less costly. (Park, 1997). In addition, many Latinos “believed that Korean Americans have a ‘positive’ impact on their neighborhoods because Korean-owned businesses provide employment opportunities for Latino immigrants” (Park, p.147). Even though the relationship between Korean and Latino seems peaceful, but both ethnic groups still need to pay special attention when encounter each other in public spaces outside of the workspace. (Park, 1997). Many Latino workers develop a strong relationship with their Korean American employers because they worked together for a very long time and are familiar with each other’s culture customs. After the 1992 Civil Unrest, the relationship between some Korean-Latino changed negatively. Some Latinos have negative experiences with Korean merchants before, where they received “black-breaking low-wage job” and usually work overtime (Park, p.148). Those Latinos looted many Korean merchants’ businesses during the Unrest. Overall the relationship between Korean American and Latinos shifted from a negative role to a positive one, Korean and Latin American immigrants they “not only share cultural space by working together but have developed close relationships through socializing and by aiding one another” (Park, p.164). Compared to the relationship between Korean Americans and Latinos, the relationship between Korean Americans and Blacks is not so well. There are a lot of tensions between Blacks and Korean Americans; they both view each other as an outsider of the American society. According to Park’s article, “The Racial Cartography of Blacks, Latinos, and Koreans”, many African American views Korean Americans as more distant. African Americans
Since the first immigrants moved into American neighborhoods, many issues have arisen between Americans and the Korean community. In 1911 and 1913,
Over time, race and class conflict in Los Angeles has materialized to affect minorities in various ways, yet it has never been truly resolved. Ultimately, conflict was caused by white hierarchy, where minorities “must amalgamate and be lost, in the superior vigor of the Anglo-Saxon race, or they must utterly perish” (Deverell, 2006). In order for minorities to survive in this society, they must acclimate and therefore, lose their identity and culture. LA culture and history is littered with racial tensions and social systems, and those systemic conflicts that still exists today.
This article focuses on the healthcare seeking behaviour of Korean immigrants in Toronto. Also it discusses the transnational healthcare activities with their home country Korea, for various reasons like individual characteristics, the barriers of accessing local healthcare system, etc. The new environment has brought multi-dimensional effects to immigrants’ health. Their health is being influenced compositionally and contextually during the process of accessing healthcare system. Immigrants are then putting efforts to maintain and use the transnational ties for their needs in managing their health and well-being, which reveals the current existing barriers on reaching the healthcare system.
of Japan. Some of them like Park had been educated in Japanese schools, some had
South Korea’s social structure revolves around the individual’s professional, family, and education background. People who have attained prestigious job titles, graduated from a first-rate university, or was born into an influential family are placed very high on the social structure. People who do not have a respectable education background are usually on the bottom of the status pole; however, it is possible for social mobility. The South Korean education system is similar to the one in the United States. Even though the years of attendance might be dissimilar from the US, the education system still consists of an elementary, middle, and high school. After graduating from high school, most students apply and attend universities from all across the nation.
My return to Korea in the summer of 2001 was nothing short of a culture shock. I was in a country I thought I had learned by heart. It was the country I always rooted my identity and pride from. I wasn’t ready for the shock. I