The Effects Of Down Syndrome

One of the most common genetic birth defects is Down syndrome which is a congenital disorder caused from a chromosome defect. It causes impairments and physical abnormalities. This is a condition where a child is born with an extra copy of their 21st chromosome. According to the National Down Syndrome Society (NDSS), 1 in 700 babies are born with DS. There is not an exact cause of how DS happens but there is an explanation as to what happens. When there is any case of reproduction, genes from both parents are passed to the children. Within these genes there are chromosomes and the child is supposed to receive 23 pairs of chromosomes or 46 total. Children with DS end up with 3 copies or an extra partial copy of chromosome 21 instead of 2

Down syndrome is the most common and best-known chromosomal disorder in humans; 95 % of cases are due to trisomy of chromosome 21 (Hafeez, 2015).

FACT: More than 80% of babies with Down syndrome are born to women under the age of 35, and the average age of a mother of an infant with Down syndrome is 28 years.

Down syndrome is commonly known by the public as a disease that causes physical and mental disabilities in people. Down syndrome is known by the scientific community as a genetic disorder of the twenty-first chromosome. As a result of this genetic disorder other systems of the body are also affected, this includes mental and physical disabilities. Down syndrome “is a lifelong condition… that happens before birth” (WebMD, 2015). According to the National Down Syndrome Society one in every 691 babies are born with the condition (NDSS, 2015). In order to understand this condition it is

With any pregnancy the risk of a child having a chromosomal abnormality is increased the later the mother conceives. Women over the age of 35 have been shown to have a higher rate of children who were born with a chromosomal disease (The Gale Encyclopedia of Genetic Disorders, 2010, 98). Some chromosomal abnormalities are more common within this specific age group. They are Down Syndrome (trisomy 21),

Down syndrome is one of the most commonly occurring genetic chromosomal disorder. One in every 800 babies in the United States is born with Down syndrome. It has been estimated that approximately 400,000 people are living with Down syndrome in the United States (Center for Disease Control and Prevention). I have a family member and a friend who have given birth to babies born with Down syndrome. Neither my family member or friend was screen for Down syndrome during pregnancy because of their age under 35. The purpose of this paper is to get a better understanding of Down syndrome and support the recommendation that all pregnant women should be screen for Down syndrome despite age and risk factors.

A majority of the cases of the disease are not from inheritance. The chromosomal abnormality usually happens in a woman's egg cells, but it is possible to occur in a man's sperm cells on occasion. On average, about one in every seven hundred (or about six thousand) babies are born with Down syndrome every year in the United States of America. Based on the knowledge of the National Down Syndrome Society, more than four hundred thousand people suffer from Down syndrome in the United States of America. Even though all women of any age are able to have a child with Down syndrome, the chance of having a child with the condition gets higher as a woman increases in

Down Syndrome was discovered in 1866 by a British physician named John Langdon Down, which is where the name Down Syndrome came from. This genetic disorder was first referred to as Mongolism. The name Down Syndrome did not start being used until the early 1970s. In 1959, a French Pediatrician/Geneticist Professor Jerome Lejeune had discovered that people with this disorder have one extra chromosome. In the 1960s when children with Down Syndrome were born, they were put into institutions right after birth. Families were told that they would not be able to raise their child because of all of the extra attention they would need. Throughout the years, we have learned a lot more about this genetic disorder. ("National Association for Down Syndrome | History of NADS", 2016)

Down syndrome is characterized as a chronic genetic chromosomal disorder which alters one’s cognitive growth, intellectual development, and physical characteristics. This extremely widespread condition is most prominently existent in human beings whose genetic makeup is composed of an additional copy of chromosome 21. Additionally, these human beings are known for acquiring 47 chromosomes rather than the conventional 46 chromosomes. This chromosomal abnormality is extremely common, yet highly spontaneous. To illustrate, the prevalence of Down Syndrome is exhibited as around

Down syndrome is a congenital disorder arising from a chromosome defect, the chromosome causing the problems is Chromosome 21. This disorder affects about 1 in 700 births in the United States. Currently there are about 400,000 Americans that have Down syndrome, with approximately 6,000 babies are born with Down syndrome each year. The disorder forms during fertilization or soon after fertilization. Fertilization occurs when the sperm binds to zona pellucida, then the sperm undergoes acrosome reaction which will lyses a hole in zona pellucida, and then the sperm and egg membrane fuse. Once the membranes fuse, the sperms genetic material gets released and gets combined with the egg’s chromosomes, thus resulting in a 46 chromosome fertilized egg.

There are three forms of Down Syndrome. These three are Trisomy 21, Mosaicism, and Translocation. Trisomy 21 is where there is an extra copy of Chromosome 21 in every cell. Mosaicism is where only some of the child’s cells have an extra copy of Chromosome 21. Translocation is where only one of the 46 total chromosomes has an extra Chromosome 21 where part of Chromosome 21 gets attacked to another chromosome during the formation eggs and sperm, or early in the development of the fetus. Mosaicism and Translocation usually have less symptoms that Trisomy 21. Only translocation Down Syndrome can be inherited by an unaffected parent. Trisomy 21 is because of an abnormality in the reproductive cells, and mosaic Down Syndrome is just a random event that occurs early in fetal development. A baby receives 23 chromosomes from each parent, but with a Down Syndrome child, they receive extra chromosomes. When the Chromosome 21 is supposed to split into two chromosomes, the chromosome does not separate properly and they get three Chromosome 21. So as the brain and physical features develop, problems occur. Down Syndrome affects 1 in 800 newborns. Each year in the United States, 5,300 babies with Down Syndrome are born, and 250,000 people have this condition in

Trisomy 21 is a strange genetic disorder because it happens randomly and has no set precedent, the parents of a child with down syndrome are usually mentally and physically abled. The only trend that has been linked with the development of down syndrome is the mother's age when the child is conceived. The average risk of having a child with Down syndrome is 1 out of 750 live births. Mothers in their early twenties when pregnant have a risk of 1 out of 1,500 of having a child with trisomy 21 and women over 35 have a risk factor of 1 out of 70, the risk factor rises with the age of the mother. Down Syndrome was first discovered by Dr. John Langdon Down, however Dr. Down misinterpreted how Down Syndrome occurs. How Down syndrome occurs was only discovered little under 60 years ago in 1959. With the many complications with down syndrome and little to no knowledge of

Following several technical and medical advances and breakthroughs in the twentieth century, in 1959 French physician Jerome Lejeune identified Down Syndrome as a chromosomal abnormality. It was noted that there was 47 chromosomes in the cell of an afflicted person versus the normal 46. It was later determined that there was a third chromosome 21, called trisomy-21 (figure 1). Down Syndrome occurs in about 1 in every 800 to 1000 births and has affected more than 350,000 lives in the US alone It is caused by the extra chromosome 21 when an embryo has three copies of chromosome 21. Ninety-five percent of the time this is caused by disjunction during cell division. Due to younger women’s higher fertility rate, 80% of Down Syndrome babies are born to women under age 35. However, the chances of having a Down Syndrome baby increases with age of the parents.2 The phenotypes, or symptoms, of a Down Syndrome face are as follows: low muscle tone (weak muscle structure), small nose, flat face, slanted eyes (upward) and abnormally shaped ears (figure 2)

Down syndrome is an inherited disorder caused when abnormal cell division occurs the outcome is an extra genetic material from chromosome 21. Having an extra chromosome affects the physical appearance of an individual and also causes health issues and delayed development. With Down syndrome being the most common genetic chromosomal disorder and cause of learning disabilities in children, we like to see how the student would interact in a school setting. How would a student with Down syndrome have an impact on ones’ household or institute? A supportive family and teacher can be very accommodating by guiding them to a self- assisted life-style. Technology these days has the capacity to allow us to do anything; therefore it can help with a variety of life skills for the student. Even research interventions have increased greatly over the last 40 years for benefitting people with Down syndrome.

syndrome. This disease is named after John Langdon Down, who was the first physician to tell about the disease systematically. This disease sometimes referred to as 47 or trisomy 21, is a very serious life altering disease. Down syndrome is caused by an extra or partial chromosome 21,which is called nondisjunction. Nondisjunction happens when chromosomes are distributed incorrectly during egg and sperm formation. Most body cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes, 23 chromosomes from each parent, adding to 46 chromosomes. When you have an extra chromosome it adds to 47, causing down syndrome. When the egg meets the sperm to form a normal embryo, the embryo gets three copies of chromosome 21. After that the chromosome is copied to each cell as the baby develops. In some rare cases down syndrome is cased by Robertsonian Translocation. This is when the long arm of the chromosome 21 break off and attaches itself to another chromosome at the centromere. People which have such a translation will not have down syndrome, but can have children with down syndrome. There is only one chromosome affected by this horrendous disease. Down Syndrome controls several aspects of the human body. Chromosomes play an extremely important role in human life. Chromosomes are the blueprint of genes, which is human life. Having a disability