The Effects Of Respiratory Rates When Hyperventilation And Exercise Are Introduced

In conclusion, the respiratory and cardiovascular systems are directly related in a complex manner, relying on one another to perform their physiological functions. Only together can both systems work to maintain the body’s internal balance, this is evident when physical demand is higher than normal. In order to meet this demand, the heart must pump more nutrient-rich blood around the body; however it needs oxygen to do this, in response the

an increase in heart and respiration rates in order to increase oxygen levels in the body as part of

Exercise increases the use of energy by your muscles, which activates a series of reactions to create new energy to keep exercising and maintain homeostasis. The first reaction that occurs is an increase in your breathing rate. Energy creation requires significant oxygen. The only way to provide the necessary oxygen is to increase the speed at which your respiratory system is introducing it into your bloodstream. The harder you exercise, the more energy is used, resulting in your body increasing your breathing rate even more to maintain adequate energy levels for balance.

The respiratory system is a complex organ structure of the human body anatomy, and the primary purpose of this system is to supply the blood with oxygen in order for the blood vessels to carry the precious gaseous element to all parts of the body to accomplish cell respiration. The respiratory system completes this important function of breathing throughout inspiration. In the breathing process inhaling oxygen is essential for cells to metabolize nutrients and carry out some other tasks, but it must occur simultaneously with exhaling when the carbon dioxide is excreted, this exchange of gases is the respiratory system's means of getting oxygen to the blood (McGowan, Jefferies & Turley, 2004).

Research has shown that deep breathing exercises can induce an increase in heart rate (Sroufe 1971) because heart rate is also directly correlated with breathing (Egri 2012). When breathing in, heart rate will increase; and while breathing out, heart rate will decrease (Egri 2012). Blood pressure can be reduced with slower breathing (Joseph et al. 2005). An article in the Journal of Human Hypertension showed that doing breathing exercises over a period of time can lower both systolic and diastolic blood pressure (Grossman et al. 2001). The hypothesis in this experiment is that blood pressure and heart rate will be affected by a deep breathing exercise. The null hypothesis was that heart rate and blood pressure will be unchanged while performing a deep breathing exercise. This experiment is significant because it could help people in times of stress or anxiety/panic attacks to learn ways to calm their heart rate and blood pressure down so they may feel better. Being the most common mental illness in the United States and 18% of Americans living with it, research aiding recovery of panic attacks would be extremely useful to the public (Kessler et al. 2005).

Diffusion in the lung increases(breathing out)- As you breathe in faster you also breathe out faster because you need to get rid of carbon dioxide as fast as possible to replace it with oxygen.

THE CONTROL SYSTEM FOR RESPIRATION The control unit of ventilation consists of a processor or breathing centre in the brain which integrates emotional, chemical and physical stimuli inputs and controls an effector - in this case the lungs via motor nerves from the spinal cord. Ventilation is normally autonomic with a limited voluntary override. Ondine's curse is the exception to this where the autonomic control is lost. The mechanism of generation is not completely understood but involves the integration of neural signals by respiratory control centres in the medulla and pons. In the medulla we have the ventral respiratory group i.e. nucleus retroambigualis, nucleus ambiguus, nucleus parambigualis and the pre-Botzinger complex. This group controls voluntary forced exhalation and also works to increase the force of inspiration. The medulla also contains the dorsal respiratory group consisting mainly of the nucleus tractus solitarius and this controls mostly inspiratory movements and their timing. The pons contains the pneumotaxic centre which is involved with the fine tuning of the respiration rate and the apneustic centre. In addition there is further integration in the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord. The actual breathing rate of a human is controlled in the following way. Chemoreceptors detect the levels of carbon dioxide in the blood by monitoring

When the brain senses a decrease in oxygen perfusion in the tissues throughout the body, it will cause an increase in the patient 's breathing rate. The rise of the respirations is an attempt to restore the normal oxygen levels in the body. The increased respiration will not improve the circulation of oxygen in the body until the inflammation and mucus secretions have been treated. Improved oxygenation will not ensue due to the increased accumulation of CO2 in the lungs as a result of the airway blockage. When the patient inhales the bronchiole muscles relax and dilate to allow air to penetrate through to the lungs, but during exhalation the muscle constricts. This

messages to the intercostal muscles and the diaphram. So the rate of breathing is regulated by the

Bronchoconstriction is a condition in which the airways swell and narrow. The airways are the breathing passages that carry air into and out of the lungs. Exercised-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is narrowing of the airways that occurs during or after vigorous activity or exercise. When this happens, it can be difficult for your child to breathe. With proper treatment, most children affected by EIB can play and exercise as much as other children.

The methods that were used to illustrate this relationship include measuring or counting the subject’s number of breaths taken in or respiratory rates (variables) for 30 seconds after having him/her breathe normally and after hyperventilation (experimental treatment/independent variable). The obtained number from each respiration condition were then multiplied by 2 to get beats per minute value. These were done to test the hypothesis that if a person hyperventilate, then his/her breathing rate will slow down, because hyperventilation increases the elimination of carbon dioxide, which increases the blood’s pH, causing a drop in respiration rate. As expected, the results established the correctness of the hypothesis, showing a relationship between respiratory condition (hyper/normal ventilation), and respiratory rates. The subject’s respiration rate dropped after hyperventilation, in which elimination of carbon dioxide is increased. Using the background information on the regulation of ventilation, these recent experimental findings verify that carbon dioxide levels are factors affecting the control or rate of breathing. Any modifications on blood’s CO2 concentration will bring about changes in the rates of

During inhalation and while at rest, the diaphragm contracts, causing the ribs and sternum to elevate while the thorax drops. During this time, the dorsal respiratory group is active. Both the diaphragm and the external intercostals are controlled by the dorsal respiratory group. In contrast, during resting exhalation, the volume within the chest decrease and the intra-alveolar pressure rises. During this time, the diaphragm and external intercostals relax while the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases. During exercise, there is an increase in the rates of contraction within the muscles involved in that particular exercise. Exercise also leads to an increase in oxygen consumption as the demand for oxygen within the body rises. In order to

Altering the rate and depth of ventilation regulates partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the arterial blood. Peripheral chemoreceptors, located in the arch of the aorta and carotid bodies, and central chemoreceptors, located in the medulla oblongata, monitor the partial pressures of the blood gases. Peripheral chemoreceptors respond to changes in the partial pressure of arterial oxygen, and to a lesser extend the arterial pressure of carbon dioxide and pH. Sensing the pressure of carbon dioxide stimulates the peripheral chemoreceptors to join in a circuit with the central chemoreceptors to alter ventilation. Central receptors respond to changes in pH levels in the cerebral spinal fluid. Carbon dioxide combines with water across

The heart and the lungs are the main components of the cardiopulmonary system. The primary task of this system is to distribute nutrients and oxygen to the entire body via the blood. In addition to this, the cardiopulmonary system also removes waste and oxygenates the blood returning to the heart from the body. In order to obtain the required oxygen the body respires, a process that is also known as breathing. However, there are certain situations in which it is dangerous or impossible for breathing to take place, When this happens the body initiates a process known as the diving response, which includes bradycardia, a decreasing heart rate, and other processes to limit the utilization of oxygen (Lemaître et al 2005).

Carry out an experiment to measure the heart rate and ventilation rate before, during and after moderate exercise.