The Egg Of Chicken Embryo Fibroblast ( Cef )

Crohn’s Disease was named after an American gastroenterologist, Dr. Burrill Bernard Crohn, in 1932. He and his colleagues discovered an abnormal pathogen, Mycobacterium paratuberculosis while studying a related disease, ulcerative colitis, which belongs to a larger group if illnesses called Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). The discovery was made while studying the effects of ulcerative colitis in cattle and noticing the similar characteristics in humans. The infections had an abnormal response with the body’s immune system in both the cattle and humans.

The Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus is basically pigs pooping themselves to death. It is cells, lining the small intestine, being infected, causing major diarrhea and dehydration. This only occurs in pigs. Also, this virus spreads rapidly from one pig to all ages of pigs, hints epidemic. Moreover, PEDV was identified

While abnormalities are apparent in intestinal epithelial cells of norovirus-infected volunteers, electron microscopy analysis reveals that these cells remain intact [69,70]. Crypt cell hyperplasia has also been reported following norovirus infection [71,73]. Only proximal intestinal biopsies from infected individuals were obtained in early volunteer studies so it remains to be determined whether the distal intestine is also affected by norovirus infection. In addition to enterocyte changes, norovirus infection results in a mild inflammatory infiltration into the lamina propria that has been observed in humans infected with the Norwalk [69,71] and Hawaii viruses [70,72], gnotobiotic calves infected with the human GII.4 norovirus HS66 [74], and mice infected with murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1) [75]. A recent study also reports an increased number of intraepithelial cytotoxic T cells in the duodenum of norovirus-infected patients 0–6 days after symptom onset

Once the reassortant virus is selected, it is then injected in fertilized eggs pathogen free (SPF) that are incubated between 48-72h at 35-37ºC. The allantoic fluid is recovered and clarified by filtration. The virus is concentrated by ultrafiltration and diluted using a stabilizing agent to obtain the final sucrose and potassium phosphate concentration. The virus harvest is then

Because E. Coli O157:H7 is found in cattle intestines, a key method to prevent E. Coli O157:H7 contamination is to prevent fecal matter from splattering on the beef.12 However, this was not a priority for the meat processing and feedlot industries, which was focused instead on minimizing costs and maximizing profits. The feedlot sectors held responsibility due to the poor conditions it raised cattle. In order to minimize costs, cattle were kept in “medieval conditions” where they were without clean water and sewage disposal. Because cattle deposit around 50 pound of manure everyday, the result of the poor sanitation conditions is that cattle spend most of the day in their own feces, coating their hides with waste. In addition, the animal feed contained fecal matter from other animals. The meat processing industry further exacerbated this problem through their slaughtering techniques. In order to maximize profits the cattle were slaughtered at high speeds by employees who were increasingly composed of poorly trained, poorly paid, and politically vulnerable immigrant workers. To slaughter the cattle, workers must first remove the cattle’s hide before physically removing its inner organs. However, if the hides are not properly cleaned, pieces of dirt and fecal matter will fall into the meat. Furthermore, if the organs are not removed

During slaughter of animals (cattle or chicken) the meat can be contaminated by C. perfringens bacteria with the animal’s intestinal content or even worse by their feces, therefore; meat has to be cooked properly

jejuni is part of the normal intestinal and genitourinary tract flora in many animals. Undercooked poultry, raw milk, and sick household animals are believed to be the cause of outbreaks.

Some viruses also have an outer bag of lipo-protein called an envelope. After a virus attaches to a living cell, it either enters the cell to release the genetic information, or, the virus injects the information through the cells outer lining. Thus changing the cells natural functions and forcing the cell to spend its energy to create copies of the virus. The cell will go on making copies of the virus until the cell is used up and dies. The virus then leaves the dead cell and invades a nearby cell and the process starts all over. There are five types of human herpes virus: Varicella zoster which causes chickenpox, Epstein Barr virus which causes infectious mononucleosis, cytomegalovirus which can cause cytomegalic inclusion disease in infants, and herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2.

Human norovirues (HuNoVs) are highly contagious and cause gastrointestinal illnesses in humans. This virus rapidly spreads amongst people through feces or the consumption of contaminated food or water, causing strain on the economy due to health care costs and the loss of productivity by infected workers. Healthy adults were studied, to prove the hypothesis regarding the replication of noroviruses in different environments. Tests were done to demonstrate that human intestinal enteroids (HIE), the group of cultures that compromise the inner surfaces the small and large intestine, do support HuNoV growth. The positive results of these tests suggests that HuNoVs do not require bacteria for infection. Further studies conclude that HuNoVs are able

2) Almeida, J. D., Howatson, A. F., & Williams, M. G. Morphology of varicella (chicken pox) virus. Virology;1962,16(3), 353-355.

Salmonella enterica: is a member of the Enterobacteriacecae family, a rod shape Gram-negative bacterium. After passage through the gastric acid barrier, S. enterica binds tightly to specific receptors of the epithelial cells in small intestine. The receptor interaction activates a cellular response results in transfer of bacterial effector proteins into the epithelial cell, following by uptake of bacterial cell by endocytosis. Invasion of epithelial cells induce an inflammatory response that increases the fluid secretion of epithelial cells, causing diarrhea. [2]

He also states that” To suggest that we would test all animals regardless of age at slaughter is not consistent with the science and what we know about the disease.” A professor at the University of Maryland says that the disease will replicate in some tissue parts of the body during incubation periods, and only after three years it

The second phase of the disease involves the bacteria entering the immune tissue of the small intestine. This causes vomiting and diarrhea, often described as "pea soup." If left untreated, the bacteria can create a hole in the small intestine, causing intestinal matter to flood the abdominal area. If one is lucky enough to survive this illness without treatment, he or she can still be a carrier of the germs long after the symptoms have disappeared.

As already mentioned, the H5.N1 is a subtype of an influenza A type. This type consists of RNA. This RNA names as HA and NA. The HA is glycoproteins found on the surface of the virus. This special protein helps the virus to bind to the host cell. While NA is glycosylated enzyme sits on the surface as well. It helps to release the virus from the host cell. In reality, the least pathogenic virus is H5.N1 or (LPAI H5N1), is commonly happening in wild birds for example, in 1983 it is reported that the virus being carried by the ring-billed gulls in Pennsylvania, ( Bird flu (H5.N1) Genetic in news-medical). The virus itself cannot be pathogenic unless some changes occur, which means new progeny. When the RNA of two viruses enters a combination process in the host cell.

Common illnesses that can occur are salmonella and trichinosis poisoning resulting from improper handling of chicken, eggs or pork (Jardin, 2009, para.2). Diseases such as: campylobacteriosis, cholera, and listeriosis also make the list of illnesses (Jardin, 2009, para.1). These diseases are the versions of food poisoning, which can be life-threatening. According to the World of Health article published in 2007,