The European Union ( Eu )

In the midst of an influx of migrants and an ongoing Euro crisis, the disunity of the current European union has become apparent. The implementation of a “United States of Europe” - a partially federalized system with a popularly elected president - has been proposed. The alternative to this system is the potential abandonment of the Euro, and consequently European integration altogether. In contrast, some argue that deeper political and fiscal integration is impractical, and that the existence of a United States of Europe is not within the political reality of various European states. The European Union as it currently exists is a half-hearted attempt at integration; both arguments ultimately advocate change. The existence of a United States of Europe would result in a detrimental loss of state sovereignty and presents an insurmountable challenge of unification on political, societal, and cultural levels.

How significant has been the development of the EU’s policies concerning the protection of the natural environmental and climate change? What problems have confronted policy-makers in-framing and delivering such policies?

EU stands for the European Union which was invented after the Second World War. The EU is a special economic and political partnership between 28 European countries together which covers more than half of the continent. EU purpose was to unite the european countries economically and politically and to bring peace to Europe (Europa.eu, N/A). EU was formed on April of 1951 by six countries which were France, Italy, Belgium, West Germany, Luxembourg and Netherlands. United Kingdom joined the EU on January 1973. On this year the United Kingdom started to follow EU law. Therefore, UK has three main sources of law which are statutory law (Act of Parliament), Case law and EU law. All of them could affect any business in various ways depend on business type, size, policies and etc. New countries which want to join EU must sign a treaty to become a member and to commit to their rules. There are five main bodies in EU: the Act Of Parliament, European Commission, European Council, Court of European Justice and Court of Auditors. Each body has its own specific things to be done (Keenan D. and Riches S., 2005). This report will discuss how United Kingdom’s membership of the European Union affects the business community, especially in the free movements, free trade, competition law and employment law.

The European Union (EU) has a variety of methods to promote democracy beyond its borders. It is the contention of this paper that EU democracy-promotion policies are more significant in the context of a pre-accession conditionality. The success of EU democracy promotion is contingent upon the degree of bargaining power the EU possesses vis-à-vis ‘third countries’ (third countries being those which seek EU membership, and are prepared to make the necessary political and economic reforms). In the context of pre-accession conditionality the EU possesses significant bargaining power, making adhesion to the norms of the Copenhagen criteria (political and economic conditions necessary for EU accession) the only viable option for states seeking

The European Union has aims which are to promote peace, maintain its values and maintain the wellbeing of the people. Even though there are other organisations which also aim to do this, the EU is unique as it has to balance the national interest, common interest of the EU, democratic representation and also geographical representation. The EU has executive bodies which enable it to make decisions throughout the process: the Commission, Council of Ministers and the European Parliament.

The European Union (EU) legislation has gone through evolution through many treaties in order to establish a better democratic legitimacy of its legislative procedure. It has been discussed that the core elements of democratic legitimacy can be found in two dimensions, the input-dimension and the output-dimension. The input-dimensions focuses more on citizens’ rights and possibilities for participation and contestation, and their right to elect their own representatives. Besides that, the input-dimension also described that in order for democratic legitimacy to be achieved, the representatives within the EU must be accountable through transparent procedures of election and government in the representative in the system that must be in

The European Union (EU) is the union of economic, monetary and political with twenty-seven Member States. They work together, in order to get particular advantages for their countries. This has been argued by Bickerton, the shift from nation-states to Member States led to a subtle and not unproblematic. However, the countries are free to choose want to join or withdraw from the EU. EU consists of various institutions, but with only three institutions are involved in the EU legislative process. These are the Council, the European Parliament and the European Commission. Over the years the EU has been expanded, consequently various treaties have been signed to work together. The latest treaty is the Lisbon Treaty, which was an

It is difficult to ascertain whether or not the European Union is democratically legitimate on the basis that the concept of democracy appears to be evolving over time. The fact that the European Union is a unique entity, a ‘supernatural union of sovereign states’ also makes it difficult to establish whether it is in fact truly democratic as there is no other entity to compare it to. The common conception is that there are two primary types of democracy. Direct democracy, where by the citizens of the state have the law making power and representative democracy, in which the power of the people is delegated to elected representatives. Article 2 of the TEU provides that the European Union is “founded on the values of respect for human

The European Union (EU) is the most successful supranational organization in the world to promote and spread democracy. Without the values and result-based monitoring systems structured through this organization, Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), and ultimately the entire world would be a significantly different place. The EU’s uniqueness and undeniable success stems from its strategic use of integration as key to enlargement and the effective ‘Europeanization’ of countries. Though there are dissenters who would argue the European Union’s lack of effectiveness in the enlargement process since 1989, there is value in noting that enlargement is an on-going phenomenon and not an entity with an expiry date.

With regards to the European Union (EU), its democratic deficit attracts one of the highest levels of attention and discussion. Its importance is clearly seen in the Treaty of Lisbon’s preamble which states that it aims to “enhance the ‘democratic legitimacy of the Union”’ . The EU is the first and most advanced form of supranationalism – a regional or international institution with its own governing institutions and structures in modern history. Due to the EU’s unique characteristics, it is not easy to decide what the standards to evaluate democracy should be . However, for the purpose of this essay, the EU’s democratic performance shall be evaluated based on the principle of subsidiarity, accountability, representativeness and

Following United Kingdom membership to the European Union in 1973 alongside other European states, further economic integration of the states lead to the Maastricht agreement of 1992 . The central feature of the agreement was the incorporation of the European monetary union (EMU) the EMU was based on four financial principles of inflation, long-term interest rates, fiscal debt and deficit and exchange rate. The aim of the Union was to harmonise trade and economic relations across member states and as such the EMU imposed restriction on infrastructure investment through strict borrowing limits. As a member state Britain had to comply with the four criteria despite the pressure it placed on its public borrowing and financing of infrastructure. To meet its social responsibility the United Kingdom government started the private finance initiative.

One of the main objectives of the European Union (EU) is the establishment of the internal market, which shall consist of “area without internal frontiers in which the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital is ensured. The internal market is based upon a customs union achieved through the abolition of the imposition of customs duties and charges having an equivalent effect and the prohibition of discriminatory taxes on intra-EU imports. The internal market is enhanced by the provisions on free movement of workers, freedom of establishment, free movement of services, and free movement of capital. Whereas Articles 28 to 30 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) provide for the establishment of an EU common external tariff and the elimination of customs duties, Articles 34 and 35 of the TFEU (with exceptions under Article 36) go further, and prohibit quantitative restrictions and measures having equivalent effect. Taken together, Articles 28 to 32 and 34 to 36 serve to ensure the free movement of goods within the EU and to facilitate the operation of the internal market.

Brexit is a an abbreviation of “ British Exit “ out of European union which refers to a referendum held in United Kingdom wherein all the eligible voters of UK were asked if they want UK to be part of the European Union or Leave the European Union. 51.9% voted to leave and 49.1% voted to remain in European Union.

Luxembourg is a small country located in between France, Germany, and Belgium. This small country also is one of the founding countries of the European Union. Despite not being vocal as some of the more significant countries, Luxembourg still impacts the European Union. The Council of the European Union, the co-legislative body, has each of the twenty-eight member states rotating as the president of the European Union. The president is not a person, but rather one of the member states. Every 6 months a new member state sets the agenda and leads the Council. Member states try to push agendas in favor of their country. Luxembourg has last held the presidency from July to December 2015. During this presidency, Luxembourg pushed focus on the single market’s digital dimension and the migrant crisis facing the European Union. These major concerns do not only concern the European Union but also Luxembourg. A major concern of the European Union not too long ago was the Euro crisis. Luxembourg was thankfully not as impacted by the Euro crisis, but it did impact the EU in its entirety. The European Union and member states like Luxembourg experience a dynamic relationship; the choices and events impacting the EU also impact that member state and the interests of member states like Luxembourg impact the European Union. Despite its stature in the EU, Luxembourg has a principal role as any other country in the European Union.

Germany, now one of the most powerful states in the European Union, is most broadly defined as a representative democracy. Citizens vote on the upper legislature, lower legislature, and state representatives, known as the Bundestag, Bundesrat, and Länder respectively. The Bundestag goes on to elect a leader or chancellor. This leader has less independent authority than the president of the United States or the British Prime Minister, and is very dependent on parliamentary agreement to pass laws. Thus, the German government would more specifically be labeled a parliamentary republic. A parliamentary republic is a form of government in which the parliamentary legislature (elected by the people) has more power than the head of state.