The Glycolytic Pathway

Phosphocreatine is broken down with in the body by an enzyme called creatine kinase, in turn this

The oxygen energy system is, therefore, responsible in providing energy to the muscles in aerobic sports or steady state activities, such as marathon or long distance cycling.

Alactic System- This energy system is the first one that arises from exercising and it is the dominant source of energy coming from the muscles. High

The muscle ATP production in vivo indicate that brief maximal contraction were performed with increased support of oxidative ATP synthesis relatively less contribution from anaerobic ATP production. After 2 weeks of training the maximal intensity contraction increased, resulting in ATP production from oxidative phosphorylation greater than the CK reaction and glycolysis relatively lower after

However, if intense physical demands such as cycling, swimming or running are placed on the body, the systems respond by producing much higher levels of ATP to ensure that our immediate energy needs are met. When doing these exercises ATP then becomes ADP, as there is a loss in the phosphate molecules. The body has two main energy systems, the aerobic energy system which utilises fats, carbohydrate and sometimes proteins for re-synthesising ATP for energy use.

All systems are used simultaneously when an athlete competes in a 100m track event, but to varying degrees. As sprinting is an explosive, high intensity event, the 100 metre track athlete will predominantly use the anaerobic energy system, specifically the ATP-PC energy system, as well as the lactic acid system. This means that for the ATP and Lactic acid system they will not require oxygen. The fuel from the muscle is initially found within the muscle. These systems require no oxygen. The ATP system usually lasts from 12-15 seconds, and a 100 metre track runner will usually run in 10-12 seconds. The efficiency of this is system is very fast and very short as the duration of high intensity contractions used for sprinting only last between

energy when we need it. So, in the absence of glycogen, our body will use its muscle tissue to

The purpose of the testing and experiments conducted was to understand how the glycolysis in cell respiration works, to understand how the process of fermentation in yeast works and see the difference between fermentation and respiration in the yeast. Yeast is something that may not be alive, but when it is put in water with sugar, the yeast will take up the sugar and use the energy stored in the sugar molecules and carries out the processes of life. Living organisms are all similar in that they can take energy from their environments.

The first energy pathway system is phosphagen; it uses creatine phosphate and produces rapid amounts of ATP. This creatine phosphate is used to refill the depleted ATP, which has been broken down and used for quick energy. There is very small amount of creatine and ATP stored in the muscles. This makes it difficult for muscles to react but is immediately ready and vital at the start of an

Muscle cells rely on cellular respiration for energy. During normal physical activity the cells are supplied with oxygen to convert glucose to ATP, CO2 and water. During prolonged intense physical activity the muscles are not supplied with enough oxygen to produce ATP for energy. Therefor the muscles rely on cellular fermentation to break down glucose. This method yields less ATP and builds up lactic acid which makes muscles burn. In this lab students will use prolonged repetitions of squeezing a clothespin to analyze the effects of cellular fermentation on the muscles ability to do work.

When cellular respiration occurs, glucose is being broken down into carbon dioxide and water in order to provide ATP, energy, for the cell. This process goes through four steps to ensure that the cell goes through reactions that convert glucose into ATP, and then release waste products. Glycolysis, Oxidation of Pyruvate, Citric Acid Cycle, and Oxidative Phosphorylation are the steps that help cells function properly.

When you are resting less than two minutes between your sets, you are using the lactic acid energy system. This is a medium duration energy source and is the primary energy source used in most body building workouts. If you rest longer than 3 minutes between sets, you are using more of the ATP-PC energy system. This is the most powerful energy system for short bursts of exercise. There is one more energy system called the Aerobic Energy System. Generally, this energy system is used for long duration, low

Research shows the existence of a relationship between the pre-exercise levels of glycogen and the capacity of exercises for the enduring activities. Glycogen is essential for athletic activities. During the first hours after exercise, re-synthesis of glycogen in depleted muscles is high, if there is sufficient supplementation of the carbohydrates (Kuipers et al.1987). According to Friedlander et al. (2006), the use of fat in the body increases during mild exercises but reduces during exercise of high intensity. The factors that modulate the substrate and metabolic responses set by the flux of energy include gender, the duration of exercising, training status, and balance of energy. Due to the increased percentage of the energy expenditure

The aerobic system would be used now, this is because the aerobic system produces the largest amounts of energy, although at the lowest intensity.

The first group (n=7) performed training in a normoxic environment (fraction of inspired oxygen = 20.9%) and the second group (n=8) performed the same protocol in a normobaric hypoxic (fraction of inspired oxygen = 14.5%) environment. Following the 6 week training protocol all measures were tested again and a second muscle biopsy was collected. The results of this study showed an increase in VO2max and time to exhaustion. The tested biopsies post training showed an unchanged oxidative capacity, but a shift in mitochondrial regulation occurred. This study suggests that intermittent normobaric training in hypoxia supports a more efficient mitochondrial integration between the supply of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) and the demand for it by the skeletal muscle cells. This would suggest improvement in anaerobic performance via an increase in ADP phosphorylation speed within the muscle making ATP more readily available post hypoxic training.