Human Cloning
1. INTRODUCTION
Human cloning is the creation of a genetically identical copy of a human. However, this term not only refers to the entire artificial human, but also the reproduction of human cells and tissues. There are two types of theoretical human cloning: reproductive cloning which would involve making an entire cloned human and the other, therapeutic cloning, which would involve cloning cells from a human for use in medicine and transplants by somatic-cell nuclear transfer or pluripotent stem cell induction. In reproductive cloning, the entire genetic code is reproduced from a single body cell of an adult individual. The most common cloning technique is somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). The preparation
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Induced pluripotent stem cells (also known as iPSCs) are a type of pluripotent stem cell that can be generated directly from adult cells. iPSCs are typically derived by introducing products of specific sets of pluripotency-associated genes, or "reprogramming factors", into a given cell type.
2. ISSUES
Although the human cloning seems fairly beneficial and useful for human welfare, the possibility of human cloning has raised controversies. Concerning reproductive cloning, advocates believe that parents who cannot otherwise procreate should have access to the technology. Some opponents have concerns that technology is not yet developed enough to be safe while others emphasize that reproductive cloning could be prone to abuse (leading to the generation of humans whose organs and tissues would be harvested), and have concerns about how cloned individuals could integrate with families and with society at large. With regards to therapeutic cloning, the problem is that many attempts are often required to create a viable egg. The stability of the egg with the infused somatic nucleus is poor and it can require hundreds of attempts before success is attained. Therapeutic cloning does result in the destruction of an embryo after stem cells are extracted and this destruction has stirred controversy over the morality of the procedure. Some argue that the pros outweigh the cons with regards to treating disease and support development of therapeutic cloning in
However, despite the benefits of therapeutic cloning, there are huge controversies surrounding the topic. One argument against therapeutic cloning is that creating stem cells on a
The issues concerning human reproductive cloning are shrouded in controversy, perhaps overshadowing the true advantages of cloning technology. Therapeutic cloning, which is often misunderstood as reproductive cloning, is less controversial than the latter as it does not involve the creating of an individual being. Instead, vital stem cells are extracted from human embryos, in order to generate tissues and organs for transplant.
Reproductive cloning is cloning a whole organism such as a whole cow, cat, dog, human, and so on. According to the article “Reproductive Cloning Arguments Pro and Con”, it states “At least 95% of mammalian cloning experiments have resulted in failures…” This percentage is extremely high. Therefore; this proves that therapeutic cloning is much safer than reproductive cloning reason being is that it does not have high percentage failures like reproductive. Every procedure has its risks and dangers. However; it is better to be safe than sorry. The human race has a better chance at survival through therapeutic
The most talk about topic today is cloning and if it really matters to us or if we shouldn't do it because there is no meaning to it. Well there is two different types of cloning there is therapeutic that one is when you create a clone outside of a embryo. The other which is reproductive cloning that type of cloning is the one I'm really against for because a lot comes with it. For example in the Article “ Here Kitty-Kitty-Kitty-Kitty” by Carolyn Said in San Francisco Chronicle, April 15, 2004 it quotes that “ It took 87 tries to produce CC, for example, Kraemer said”. It took 87 tries thats a lot of tries and either the test tube did not carry the egg correctly or the implantation wasn't as strong. My point is that cloning is a big
Therapeutic cloning is also known as embryo cloning. Catholic Church has raised the question of religion, they said even an embryo must be treated as a living being, and should not be used in the research. Creating artificial living being is not good in favor of nature. They are totally against therapeutic cloning. Everyone has a specific character that is its uniqueness that can be present in the external or internal organ micro.
For many years there has been a large controversy over the use of cloning for therapeutic and reproductive purposes. The argument against therapeutic cloning is that creating an exact replica of one's self all for the use of harvesting its parts is considered killing another human being. However, some people are for this use so that they can survive as long as they can, and use the clones materials as a way to cure disease or heal injuries. On the other hand, reductive cloning also has two sides, for and against. People who believe that reproductive cloning is okay, want to create another version of themselves just to either have themselves as a baby or replace a loved one. But, people who are against reproductive cloning believe that it is a selfish or unreasonable act to have one birth a
As mentioned earlier, cloning is the copying of an organism that results in identical offspring (“Cloning”). Scientists have tried cloning many times on frogs and other organisms (“Cloning”), but when the first mammal to be cloned was successful in 1997, scientists jumped into pools of thoughts to clone humans. The first mammal to be cloned was a sheep named Dolly. The process of cloning Dolly was called Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer. The nucleus of a somatic stem cell is taken out of the eggs of the
One issue being that therapeutic cloning may be crossing ethical borders. People might start using artificial embryos that can’t be fertilized. Basically, instead of aborting, scientists may start experimenting with cloned embryos. Also, the more successful therapeutic cloning becomes, the more likely human cloning becomes. This is because therapeutic cloning uses a lot of the same procedures human cloning would take. Currently, success rate of cloning tissues or cells is low. For now, scientists don’t know how well therapeutic cloning will perform medically. Also, the new tissue or organs created from cloning could have many possible
Although that life has not developed past the embryonic stage many people consider the destruction of an embryo for stem cells a murder. Those who oppose therapeutic cloning believe that the process encourages embryo destruction and abortion, however many people do not consider the embryo as life since it has not been placed in a woman's womb and has not past the blastocyst stage. Therefore, the debate of whether life starts as an embryo or in a woman's womb has affected the views of many people regarding therapeutic cloning.
First, the turnout of clones if the embryo is implanted into a uterus could end up producing clones with disabilities. This has only been proven with animals that have been cloned. “The results of stem cell research and cloning have also been shown to be dangerous. The animals that have been cloned so far suffer from genetic defects” (Arnold, 2015, p. 2). But once it is done to humans many of the same genes will be passed through making it much easier for the birth defects to become more and more common. Heimbach (1998) states that, “Cloning could also increase the risk of birth defects if cloned individuals begin marrying nearly identical genetic relatives, a danger that will be hard to avoid in second and third generations.” (p.636). Not only would the clones be in danger, but also the women giving birth to these clones could be in danger as well. The future fertility of women who are allowing their eggs to be harvested are at risk as well as their health. Stark (2015) state's, “Cloning also requires harvesting large number of eggs from women. This process poses risks to women’s health and can threaten their future fertility. And the offer of payment for eggs can lead to the exploitation of low-income women” (p. 1). A life could be lost or serious health conditions could be caused, due to the birth of these clones for the women giving birth to them. Another factor that needs to be put into
Science today is developing at warp speed. We have the capability to do many things, which include the cloning of actual humans! First you may ask what a clone is? A clone is a group of cells or organisms, which are genetically identical, and have all been produced from the same original cell. There are three main types of cloning, two of which aim to produce live cloned offspring and one, which simply aims to produce stem cells and then human organs. These three are: reproductive cloning, embryo cloning and therapeutic cloning. The goal of therapeutic cloning is to produce a healthy copy of a sick person's tissue or organ for transplant, and the goal of both reproductive cloning and embryo cloning is to
Have you ever wondered what it would be like to have a second you? The process of cloning is something that is not necessarily very new but is something that is constantly being researched and improved. Most commonly in cloning the somatic cell nuclear transfer method is used.This is when you take a somatic cell(any cell other than the sex cells) from the person being cloned and a donor egg cell and extract the nucleus from the donor egg cell replacing it with the nucleus from the somatic cell. This fuses the donor egg and somatic cell together and next is placed in a surrogate organism that gives birth to that cell that was created. That is the process of cloning an organism. The world of cloning is new and mysterious but is something that could very
The first problem that human cloning encounter is it is one of unethical processes because it involves the alteration of the human genetic and human may be harmed, either during experimentation or by expectations after birth. “Cloning, like all science, must be used responsibly. Cloning human is not desirable. But cloning sheep has its uses.”, as quoted by Mary Seller, a member of the Church of England’s Board of Social Responsibility (Amy Logston, 1999). Meaning behind this word are showing us that cloning have both advantages and disadvantages. The concept of cloning is hurting many human sentiments and human believes. “Given the high rates of morbidity and mortality in the cloning of other mammals, we believe that cloning-to-produce-children would be extremely unsafe, and that attempts to produce a cloned child would be highly unethical”, as quoted by the President’s Council on Bioethics. Since human cloning deals with human life, it said to be unethical if people are willing to killed embryo or infant to produce a cloned human and advancing on it. The probability of this process is successful is also small because the technology that being used in this process is still new and risky.
Before the ethics of human cloning can be discussed, the mechanics of cloning must be understood first. Cloning is the process of making an exact genetic copy of an organism by a method called nuclear transplantation which is a process of removing a nucleus (the center of a cell which contains all of the biological information)
and medical consequences may be endured due to cloning (Occupy Theory, 2014). Also, with gene cloning cell mutation is very possible. Because of this possibility new and more aggressive genetic disease. Organ rejection because of cell mutation is also a disadvantage of cloning. Although the technique the technique utilizes the cells of the organ of the recipient, there is still a chance that the cells will mutate (Occupy Theory, 2014). A disadvantage of therapeutic cloning includes the attempts required to create a viable egg. The stability of the egg is poor and may require hundreds or attempts before success is attained. Also, the morality of therapeutic cloning had received controversial backlash because the extraction of stem cells from the embryo results in the destruction of the embryo being used. Some argue that the pros outweigh the cons with regards to treating disease whilst others have likened the destruction to abortion (Murnaghan, 2017).