The immune system performs specific defense against agents, the antigens that are foreign or harmful to the body. Exogenous antigens are often in contact with the skin or entering the airway, the digestive tube and the genital orifices and mucosae. They can also penetrate the circulation directly through wounds. The body has many defense mechanisms against foreign pathogenic agents. These mechanisms are divided into two groups: the specific mechanisms and the unspecific mechanisms. The specific mechanisms
The virus penetrates the host body, weakens the immune system and can cause a life-threatening disease called AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) (Masthead, 1962). The world health organization estimated that there were approximately 36.7 million people infected with HIV at the end of 2016 (World Health Organization, 2017). There are two types of HIV, i.e. HIV-1 and HIV-2. 95% of the infections that are spread worldwide is HIV-1 and HIV-2 is mainly seen in some West African countries. They
deaths, and economic burden. Acquired from the bite of an infective Anopheles mosquito, malaria caused by plasmodium falciparum in which febrile paroxysms recur irregularly, is the most severe form of malaria. It has the highest levels of parasites in the blood and is a disease that is responsible for 880,000 deaths per year worldwide (WHO,2009). Vaccine development has proved difficult and resistance has emerged for most anti-malarial drugs. . The adaptable defence system of the human body centres
observed in the blood. These newly formed gametocytes developing as intraerythrocytic stages present several new antigens to the human immune system during each infection cycle. These immunologically identifiable forms are clear targets for the host immune system and both innate and adaptive immune responses are expected to become active against them. Naturally acquired antibodies against gametocytes exist (Graves, Carter et al. 1988, Paul, Vengesai et al. 2016, Bansal, Vengesai et al. 2017, Gebru, Ajua
receptors revolutionised our understanding of how the innate immune system works, and what is the therapeutic potential? The body has two immune systems: the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system. Adaptive, or acquired, immunity refers to antigen-specific defence mechanisms that take several days to become protective and are designed to react with and remove a specific antigen. This is immunity develops throughout life. Innate immunity refers to antigen-nonspecific defence mechanisms
mobilizes various effector mechanisms of the immune system, such as the activation of factors related to innate immunity and acquired immunity. This research paper aims to answer what are the types of immune response used by the infected host during the developmental stages of the parasite, as well as what are the possible evasion mechanisms used by the T. cruzi that allows its survival in a hostile environment created by the response of the host immune system. American trypanosomiasis or Chagas disease
LYMPHATIC & IMMUNE SYSTEM: The body encounters billions of germs every day and the immune system with all its intricacies fights off these pathogens. The defense mechanism of the human body is complex and fascinating, working all around the clock with its work largely unnoticeable. The immune system, just like any other organ system works in tandem with the other organ systems to maintain homeostasis. The circulating fluids transport the immune cells from one part of the body to another. The endocrine
where the virus is thought to come from, include transmission Human immuno deficiency virus, (HIV) belongs to the genus Lentivirinae, a Retroviridae, which is a family of enveloped retro viruses. It was first described in 1983, when a case of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) was reported, two years earlier. The disease was characterised by immunocompromised patients that were more susceptible to opportunistic pathogens, along with a dramatic decrease in the CD4 T cell count. It has since
The immune system has dual natures in series with non-self/self recognition being the most important. Other natures are adaptive/nature or acquired/innate, secondary/primary, passive/active, humoral/cell mediated and some parts or antigen specific. Antigen specific means when it recognizes certain antigens it will act upon them. Some pats are systemic which is the don't just stay at the infected area but go through the body and they have memory, so when they come the same antigen again they know
In the 1980s, the incidence of acquired immunodeficiency (AIDS) cases caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) rose to epidemic proportions in the US LGBT community predominantly due to their manifestation as Kaposi’s Sarcoma (KS), a viral mediated cancer (Haverkos & Curran, 1982). A major outcome out of the research on HIV-AIDS is the finding that the virus caused massive systemic immune suppression in the infected individuals, which in turn caused the patients to succumb to either opportunistic