The Management Of A Small Institution

This theory consists of broad, long-lasting dispositions that can be assessed. The five-factor model consists of representations of the core description of human personality, the only dimensions necessary to understand what makes us tick. The “Big Five” in the model are openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. The advantages of this theory are being able to identify personality traits using assessments and questionnaires as a more reliable method of assessing personality. Disadvantages of the trait theory includes a focus on broad dimensions instead of uniqueness of individuals and the tendency for biased

The Five-Factor Model originated in an attempt to compile trait-related terms as researchers were dissatisfied with

The 5-factor theory, is a theory that is a preference, with most researchers. The researchers, among different cultures, are in complete agreement

The five-factor model (FFM) is a contemporary construct describing personality. It incorporates five traits – openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism also referred to as OCEAN. Within each dimension, there are specific personality attributes, for example, openness includes subcategories of feelings and actions. The FFM was influenced by Cattell’s 16-factor model (1957) and shares traits with many other personality theories such as Eysenck’s PEN model. There has been an ongoing debate discussing how many factors appropriately represent the brain structure of personality, suggestions have varied from 2-7, recently Almagor et al. (1995) advocated that a 7-factor model unfolds when evaluative traits are involved. Costa & Mcrae (1992) claim that the FFM is the best theory of personality, however, the model has received much criticism. Through examining different aspects of the model its credibility can be explored.

The Big Five personality test was created in the 1970 's by two independent research teams. One team with Paul Costa and Robert McCrae, and the other with Warren and Lewis Goldberg. The two teams had different methods that they tested but in the end they both ended up with the same results. The results were that no matter what culture, race, or language people have their personality fits into five dimensions of personality. The five dimensions were created after reviewing lots of surveys and data analysis called factor analysis. Now, just forty years later the Big Five is one of the most commonly accepted personality models.

The Analysis of the Five Factor Model In this essay, first the Five Factor Model (FFM) will be described. Secondly, psychologists for and against the model will be looked at. Following this, the stability of traits will be looked at, both longitudinal and cross situational. Finally, the application of the model within and outside psychology will be evaluated to show support that the FFM provides a solid foundation for an adequate personality psychology.

One main goal of psychology has been established a model to describe and understand human personality. The five-factor model of personality is the most widely used model in describing personality types. The components of the Big Five are extraversion, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism.

Guilford (1959) defines personality traits as being ‘any distinguishable, relatively enduring way in which one individual varies from another’. Subsequently, trait theory can be identified as an approach to the study of human personality. The aim of psychologists, specifically trait theorists, is to explain similarities and differences between individuals based on traits. Although numerous psychologists differ on the amount of traits that are significant, each theorist categorizes personality traits along several broad type spectrums. This assignment will focus on comparing and contrasting Eysenck’s Hierarchical Theory of Personality and Costa and McRae’s Five Factor Model (FFM), two different trait theories of personality.

the five personality factor theory, as well as the theories on which it is based.

The main criticism of the 16 Personality Factor analysis is its inability to be replicated. Cattell was not able to persuade other psychologists of his views (Schultz, 2015, p. 225) . It was through investigation into Cattell's model, that Robert McCrae amd Paul Costa identified the “Big Five” factors.

A major strength of this theory is the order it brings to the measurement of a human personality. Previously a number of different traits were measured, all of which can be classified under some of the 5 Factor theory. It has also been shown that the theory predicted results are very stable for the lifetime of the individual. It has also been found to be applicable to individuals of different age groups and with cultural differences. Some disadvantages are that the theory cannot accurately predict any single specific behavior. Human behavior is based on many factors, not on personality alone. In addition, the theory is limited by its broad universalism. It does not help us understand culturally specific, gender-specific, and age-specific personality

The Five Factor Model or Big Five model developed by McCrae and Costa factor together personality traits into 5 major categories. Those factors were Neuroticism (worried insecure, nervous, highly strung), Extraversion (Sociable, talkative, fun-loving, affectionate), Openness (Original, independent, creative, daring), Agreeableness (Good-natured, softhearted, trusting, courteous), and Conscientiousness (Careful, reliable, hardworking, organized). (Schultz & Schultz, 2013). They are able to include most of other lower order traits accounting for specific dimensions of individual differences in personality. (Schultz & Schultz, 2013)

The most recognizable criticism of Cattell's Sixteen Personality Factor Model is that regardless of numerous efforts the theory has never been completely reproduced. According to Howarth and Brown’s (1971) founding’s, there was ten factors that were unsuccessful to relate to characteristics presented in the 16PF model. Researchers stated that the model does not measure the factors at the primary level as it supposed to (Fehriinger, 2004). Additionally, Sell et al. (1970) and Eysenck and Eysenck (1969) as well failed to confirm primary level of the 16PF (Schuerger, Zarrella, & Hotz, 1989 cited in Fehriinger, 2004). Furthermore, there is an assumption that during Cattell’s investigation certain error arise as, all the calculations were done manually causing skewed data and consequently the incapability to replicate the structure of the research. Additionally, it would appear that primary factors are not constant to procedure a foundation for the model (Cooper. &

A largely effective method of breaking up the human personality is using the Big Five Factor Model, this presents five traits (extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness). Many studies that been done on each individual trait and their respective influences on success, however when individual traits are studied to observe their effect on academic success it is clear that some traits are more desirable than others if one is to strive within an academic setting (ETS, 2016).

Research. Throughout the year, I researched the origin and stability of personality traits. With this research came an investigation into the models of personality traits, which guide research in the area of personality psychology. The Big Five, also known as the Five-Factor Model (FFM), provides the most accurate representation of one’s personality traits. Thus, in using a Big Five test in my survey, the product directly connects to my research.