Healthy Marriage Initiative
“To help couples, who have chosen marriage for themselves, gain greater access to marriage education services, on a voluntary basis, where they can acquire the skills and knowledge necessary to form and sustain a healthy marriage” (“Healthy Marriage Initiative”, 2012). This is the Healthy Marriage Initiatives Mission statement. As part of Welfare reform, President George W. Bush implemented the Healthy Marriage Initiative. It was enacted to address the growing issues low-income families have been facing for decades, including social problems that affect both children and the parent. This paper will address the background, implementation, oversight, cost, and outcomes of the Healthy Marriage Initiative.
A little background, from 1935 to 1996 a federal assistance program managed by The Department of Health and Human Services, called Aid to Families with Dependent Children(AFDC) provided assistance to the children of low-income families. Initially, the program was restricted to white women, but after some adjustment, the government graciously (insert sarcasm) permitted people of color to claim the benefit. As time went on, officials (and citizens) felt it was encouraging women to become single mothers and avoid joining the workforce. These concerns led to the development of The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996(PRWORA), Under this act, AFDC was replaced by the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
Another example of discrimination I experienced was with my sister. She has four children and was on government assistance, not only for Medi-Cal, but HUD housing, food stamps and was also paid to take care of her clinically diagnosed Schizophrenic husband. Her family had a brand new house, two new cars, and a substantial amount of government income, up until April of this year when her youngest son turned eighteen—a total of twenty-four years! She, nor her husband, ever worked, why should they? Who would work, if they had all there needs met? Discrimination was not thought of at the time, but it did take place that day against us. To not care for a young infant, let alone her parents, because
The TANF program does not reflect this standard for several reasons. As mentioned previously, it is a work-based program, which discriminates against those who have obstacles that keep them from obtaining work. In other words, this resource is not equally accessible to all needy families. Also, it fails to acknowledge that not all people have equal opportunities in the labor force. There is still discrimination against minority groups in the workforce, which may make it difficult for minorities to meet the work requirements of TANF. In 2012, unemployment rates for African Americans were nearly double that of whites and whites on average earn 29% more in wages (Karger & Stoesz, 2014, p.56). Social injustice for minorities is still very present in our society, and the TANF policy fails to address this
During the Reagan presidency in the 80s, he talked about welfare queens and gave her a popular identity. However, the welfare queen emerged from a racist history of resentment and hatred towards African American families receiving welfare in America. After twenty years of the welfare reform being enacted this narrative continues to inform policy designs by dictating who deserves of government support and under what conditions. Ending this negative stereotype of the welfare queen would help if society accepted how stereotypes continue to manifest and reorganizing the system around families as they are and not
Last, and most important, is that studies have not shown that more hours spent on homework leads to more knowledge. Time spent on homework does not correlate to better test scores. Some students can spend twice as much time as others and still not do as well. Grades do not necessarily improve with more hours of homework.
The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) of 1996 ended America’s largest cash assistance program, which was the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC). It was replaced with the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), which emphasized work, personal responsibility, economic self-sufficiency and strong families. This was created in an effort to help minimized the use of welfare by low income mothers. As a result, these low income mothers could no longer receive cash aid until further notice,
Some may argue that generational poverty is determined by poor health across generations and not by observation or modeling of ones parents. However the statistics from the changes made during the Clinton administration, give proof that the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act, that works and should be reinstated. Most citizens have a desire to be successful but just don’t have the skills or self-esteem they need to accomplish these goals. Sometimes it takes a little push to get them headed in the right direction and this program seems to do just that. It provided nearly any means of assistance for individuals to become job ready. It provided assistance with transportation problems; self-esteem
Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950-1980, which discussed abolishing AFDC because of the issues associated with it. However, 14 years later Clinton changed the program to the Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act that was signed into law in 1996” (Finsterbusch, 2013, p.236). Furthermore, the issues associated with AFDC include that it creates dependency, absent fathers, and people are just too lazy to work. However, many of the issues with welfare are not true, but, changing it to make people go to work and become self-sufficient was the goal for the new initiatives.
The 1996 welfare reform, also known as the Personal Responsibility Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA), was enacted to increase the efficiency of the welfare system but its discriminatory nature has resulted in economic hardship, lack of funds to receive food, and poorer health among new immigrants to the United States.
During the early 1960s, welfare fraud became increasingly popular and was featured in numerous magazines. It wasn’t until Ronald Reagan ran for president in 1976 on the platform of fixing welfare problems and used the Chicagoan woman as an example, without explicitly saying her name, to demonstrate welfare fraud that the phrase became popular. Since then, the defaming label applied to poor mothers has been associated with gender and racial implications, further shaping the discourse of welfares’ effects on poverty. The “welfare queen” can be analyzed by two competing explanations: Oscar Lewis’s theory of the culture of poverty and the social construction of race, also known as racial formation.
This paper examines the new Welfare Regime under 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PWA) and new requirements on job search as one of the contributing factors to the inequality that women of color experience within the job market, in a relationship with transportation programs such as the Welfare-to-Work Transportation Plan (WTP). In this paper, I show how changes in the Welfare system such as the job seeking prerequisite help to reproduce inequality for women of color on the assumption of private car ownership or access to reliable public transit. I argue that the Welfare’s new regime under the (PWA), restrains women of color from utilizing welfare services and even when transportation issues are
Marriage requires effort and work. Many newlyweds come into a marriage thinking it is easy but do not consider the consequences of marriage that heavily rely on balances and partnership. Marriage is all about compromise. It is important to engage in a premarital program to allow both partners to learn what to expect within a marriage, how to face certain roadblocks, and to better communication when conflict is aroused so that divorce does not become an option. Gottman’s research (2009) has made a significant contribution to the study of relationship and marriage tying unity, harmony, and communication together to make relationship and marriage work. When a couple who does not have consummate love (intimacy, passion, and commitment), they often portray the six indicators of divorce: harsh startup, the Four Horsemen, flooding, body language, failed repair attempts and reflecting on bad memories (Gottman, 2009). Divorce often occurs within the first two years of marriages and almost half of divorces end within the first seven years (Bhutto-Ramirez, 2015).
Those who are obtaining public assistance are in need and most of welfare checks are not collected by African American single mothers. This term is still used in conversations about the welfare state, and minority groups are constantly being portrayed as scammers collecting welfare checks. The Welfare queens are a prime example of both marginalization and intersectionality.
Divorce is an unfortunate event for any family, especially those which have children. ”Currently, about 46 percent of all marriages are projected to end in divorce” (953). It is slowly becoming considered more, and more normal everyday. In the article “Strengthening marriage is an appropriate social policy goal”, Paul R. Amato discusses how government funded programs are crucial to the stability of a healthy marriage, and how this further contributes to the upbringing of a healthy, functioning child. Frank F. Furstenberg then presents a counter-argument in response to Amato’s article. While both Amato’s and Furstenberg’s articles use logos as their main rhetorical appeal, Amato also uses pathos to strengthen his argument and persuade his
Marriage is one of the most essential factors of human life. It creates the basis for everyone to pursue a better, healthier, and happier life. However, it is the fact that there are more and more couples marrying and then ending up with divorce, and this rate is increasing faster year by year. Actually, all the divorce cases are originated from some of the forms of emotional illness that gradually appear in each partner during the time of their relationship. It is good to cure these forms of emotional illness to solve the martial problems of the specific patients. However; it is absolutely the best when the original
In conclusion, we know that many implications of early marriage that we can take as guidance in our daily life. A joint effort to formulate and implement policies and strategies is needed. In