The prevalence of Gestational Diabetes mellitus (GDM) is growing worldwide. One to fourteen percent of women in pregnancy are affected by DM I. Due to increased incidence and proposed lowering of the thresholds for diagnosis the health care cost of GDM can be expected to rise proportionately. The discussion of whether a benefit exists to the treatment of GDM assumes greater importance now than in the past (Landon, 2010).
Even though it has long been known that women with preexisting type I and type II diabetes are at increased risk for adverse maternal and fetal outcomes, the relationship of GDM to various perinatal risks has been less clear. O 'Sullivan and Mahan developed Glucose tolerance test criteria for the diagnosis of GDM, nearly
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In this large-scale international study, women with fasting glucose up to 105 mg/dL, were enrolled. The researchers described the continuous association between maternal glucose concentrations (utilizing a 75 g blinded 2 hour OGTT) and increasing birth weight, cord blood serum C-peptide levels and other adverse pregnancy outcomes. These associations were present at glucose levels currently lower than those used to diagnose GDM (Landon, 2010).
In spite of little evidence to support a treatment benefit to the identification and treatment of mild carbohydrate intolerance during pregnancy screening for GDM has been recommended for most pregnant women (Landon, et al, 2007). Universal screening for GDM has been adopted by most United States obstetricians for nearly 15 years. However, lack of international consensus regarding diagnostic criteria has continued to add to the problem of assessing the value of treatment. Currently a 3 hour 100 g diagnostic test is utilized predominantly in the United States, while much of the world uses a 75 g, 2 hour test (Landon, 2010).
The 2008 guidelines of the US Preventive Services Task Force concluded that there is lack of evidence to evaluate the benefits and harms of screening and treatment of GDM (Landon, 2010). Recently, 8 randomized trials concerning treatment of GDM were identified. The
Along with all the worries and complications a woman might face while pregnant, one of the more serious conditions is gestational diabetes. Gestational diabetes occurs in 4% of all pregnancies (Seibel, 2009). Many women are not informed about the disease, some may not know that they need to be tested, and others may have heard about it, but want more information on what may cause it and/or how to prevent and treat it. Either way this disease needs to be taken seriously by every pregnant woman or woman planning to get pregnant to protect not only herself but the unborn child.
Most pregnancies progress with the mother being healthy, however in some cases problems do arise with the mother developing complications. This can in the form of gestational diabetes. Mothers who didn’t have diabetes prior to pregnancy exhibit high blood sugar levels, in most cases this is during the later stages of pregnancy, this could lead to pre-eclampsia and babies could be born with higher birth weights. If left unchecked mothers can develop type 2 diabetes post pregnancy.
Amanda manages her gestational diabetes with diet. She experiences a few episodes of postprandial hyperglycemia, but does not have to go on insulin. At her 36-week
Unlike type 1 and 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes isn’t permanent. It affects women when they are pregnant and usually ends after the baby is delivered (1, 8). The main causes of gestational diabetes are damage to insulin producing cells, resistance to insulin and genetic heredity. Also, it is believed that women that get gestational diabetes will have a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes (1, 8).
Offer lifestyle advice and check a FBG at 6-13 weeks after birth in those women with GDM. Do not routinely offer an oral glucose tolerance testo
4). There are two major types of diabetes mellitus, type 1 and type 2, and gestational diabetes is a third type that could occur during pregnancy. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the more common of the three types, attributing tor around 95 percent of new cases of diabetes (Prezbindowski & Porth, 2005 pg. 1309 para. 1). Diabetes mellitus is caused by one’s body having trouble breaking down foods they eat to convert to energy due to an inefficient supply of insulin or an inability to use insulin effectively. The source of the problem derives from beta cells located in the pancreas. These cells are special for their production of insulin and response to it. If there is a problem with the beta cells in the pancreas, then their inefficient supply and absorption of insulin results to an increased amount of glucose in the blood stream that cannot be absorbed sufficiently which leads to a diabetic condition. If one may suspect diabetes mellitus as a health condition they are experiencing, there are common signs and symptoms that are associated with the disease.
The Gestational Diabetes Act is a bill that amends the Public Health Service Act (Congress.gov., 2015). This act emphasizes on the National Vital Statistics System, the National Center for Health Statistics, and State health departments to monitor and collect data on GDM. Regarding babies born from mothers with GDM, those diagnosed and undiagnosed with GDM. Finding ways to track and monitor postpartum women with GDM, implementing interventions that are culturally sensitive to reduce the risk of developing GDM and complications. The act also focuses on clinical and public health research on GDM to find interventions for women with a history of GDM from developing DM II as well as their children. Research on understanding GDM regarding risk
In gestational diabetes, this type of diabetes develops in women only during pregnancy. When a woman is pregnant there are a surge of varied hormones that are produced. These hormones sometimes lead to a pregnant woman developing resistance to the insulin just like the other two types of diabetes. It also comes about because the body cannot use the insulin that is produced, effectively. This usually affects a woman in her second trimester and goes away after the birth of the baby. Developing GD can put a woman at risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in her life or developing GD with every pregnancy that follows. It can also lead to certain health problems in their children like childhood obesity or the risk of developing diabetes in later life.
Gestational diabetes, affecting approximately 3-10% of pregnancies, is diagnosed by hyperglycemia during pregnancy in women without a history of diabetes. The underlying cause of gestational diabetes remains unknown, although the interference of pregnancy hormones, such as human placental lactogen, with susceptible insulin receptors, has been considered. The patients usually have few symptoms, and they are often diagnosed by screening during routine pregnancy check-up. For the mother, glucose intolerance typically disappears after the baby is born. However, gestational diabetes often places the body at risk. Babies born to mothers with poor hyperglycemia control are often at increased risk of series problems including macrosomia, which associates with a high chance of C-section, shoulder dystocia, hypoglycemia after birth, polycythemia as well as multiple chemical disorders.
Gestational diabetes is a disease that affects pregnant women it’s a glucose intolerance that is started or diagnosed during pregnancy. Based on recently announced diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes, according to the American Diabetes Association, it is estimated that gestational diabetes affects 18% of pregnancies. Pregnancy hormones can block insulin therefore causing the glucose levels to increase in a pregnant woman’s blood. Gestational diabetes starts when your body is not able to make and use all the insulin it needs for pregnancy (American Diabetes Association). Without enough insulin, glucose cannot leave the blood and be changed to
Kansas City is a very diverse place where there are many cultures who live in the melting pot of the city. With different cultures comes different lifestyles that affects a person’s overall health. It so happens to be that obesity, unhealthy eating, and not enough physical exercise has led to a substantial increase in diabetes, making it the number seventh leading cause of death (American Diabetes Association, 2014, p. Diabetes Basics). Diabetes also called diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease in which the body’s inability to produce any or enough insulin causes elevated levels of glucose in the blood (Google, What is Diabetes). There is three type of diabetes, Type 1, Type 2 and gestational diabetes. Type 1 is mostly seen in juvenile, where they become insulin dependent because the body immune system attacks the pancreas (Diabetes Research Institute, 2014, p. What is Type 1 Diabetes?). Type 2, which account for 90% of cases is seen in those who are obese, who have a family history, who are older and have unhealthy eating lifestyles, is when the body doesn 't know how to use the energy efficiently to process sugar Google, What is Diabetes; Center for Disease Control, p.2). Gestational diabetes happens during pregnancy when there is higher levels of sugar and normally goes away afterwards. (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, p.2). We will briefly explore the epidemiology surrounding diabetes, how it’s impacting the metro area as well as its effects on the body.
Between 5.5 and 8.8% of pregnant women develop GDM in Australia. Risk factors for GDM include a family history of diabetes, increasing maternal age, obesity and being a member of a community or ethnic group with a high risk of developing type 2 diabetes. While the carbohydrate intolerance usually returns to normal after the birth, the mother has a significant risk of developing permanent diabetes while the baby is more likely to develop obesity and impaired glucose tolerance and/or diabetes later in life. Self-care and dietary changes are essential in treatment.
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is an intolerance of glucose documented for the first time during pregnancy. It is usually a short-term type of diabetes and the most common health problem with pregnant women. GBM is caused by the way the hormones in pregnancy affect the mother. GDM accounts for 5-7% of all pregnancies (American Diabetes Association, 2010). During pregnancy the placenta develops and becomes the main bond between the mother and the baby. It is used to make sure the baby has and gets enough nutrients. The placenta makes several hormones which make it hard for insulin to control blood glucose and block the action of the mother’s insulin in her body (American Diabetes Association, 2010). Hormonal changes during the
Presently, diabetes is a major concern for health care system across the world. Diabetes is a disease that is characterized by either low levels of insulin or an abnormal resistance to the effects of insulin coupled with inadequate levels of insulin secretion to balance. The three major divisions of diabetes are type one, type two, and gestational. The first subclass of diabetes, type I or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), is usually characterized clinically by abrupt onset of symptoms, insulinopenia and dependence on injected insulin to sustain life, and proneness to ketosis (raised levels of ketones in the body). On the other hand, type 2 diabetes is the noninsulin dependent form of the disease that often presents without the metabolic abnormalities typically associated with diabetes. However, they may require insulin for correction of symptomatic, or persistent, fasting hyperglycemia if this cannot be achieved with the use of diet or oral agents. Such patients may develop ketosis under special circumstances, such as severe stress precipitated by infections or trauma (National Diabetes Data Group, 1979). Gestational diabetes is comparable to type two diabetes because of its insulin resistant nature, and involves the hormones of pregnancy forming an environment that breeds insulin opposition in women genetically predisposed to diabetes. Diabetes exists in all ages of people, in all races of people, and in every region around the world. Alone, diabetes is already
GDM is a pregnancy complication which is the result of the mother developing high blood glucose but insufficient insulin (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2016). Preventive measures should be taken to prevent or manage GDM. It is important for health professionals to educate pregnant women about GDM, explaining to them that prevalence of this disease is as high as 9.2% (American Diabetes Association, 2016). The prevalence of GDM in the US has more than doubled; affecting over 200,000 females per year (Ferranti, Venkat Narayan, Reilly, Foster, McCullough, Ziegler, Ying & Dunbar, 2014). In 2012, Diabetes cost the economy $322 billion, consisting of $244 billion in excess medical costs and $78 billion in reduced productivity, with an average case of GDM