By: Cole Kaicher, Michael Grabel, Benjamin Finkel
Period Four Garand
9/24/15-9/30/15
The process of mitosis is one performed millions of times a day by every living thing. Each of these cells contains the blueprints of our bodies, which are scientifically known as chromosomes, genes, and DNA. The purpose of this paper is to inform people about the process of mitosis, and to teach people about the function of chromosomes, genes and DNA, and the relation between one another.
The process of mitosis is a five step process that starts from just a single cell. Every minute of everyday, cells are dying, and in order for us to stay alive and functioning they must be replaced. For example, if you get a cut on your hand, cells die. In order
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Half of the chromosomes go to one side and half go to the other. When the chromosomes are on either side telophase begins. Telophase is when the division is almost done. The cell membrane closes and splits in two. From this you get two different cells. The process is complete… for now. Interphase is when a cell is in it’s resting state. The cell is just going about its normal business and getting ready for another cell division that is soon to come.
The process of mitosis is a fascinating process which occurs when a cell needs to split into two child cells. The process happens all the time as we grow, get injured, and need cells to repair our body, or just to replace cells that have died.
Chromosomes, genes, and DNA are all connected. Each goes into each other like russian nesting dolls. You start with the human body, inside the human body you have trillions of cells, which all contain nuclei. Inside the nuclei are twenty three pairs of chromosomes, forty six total. Coiled inside each of these chromosomes is DNA, and the DNA is made up of genes.
Every cell has different organelles, and these organelles eliminate waste and produce energy. The cell nucleus is an organelle, and it is here that we find chromosomes. Imagine chromosomes like a briefcase carrying the blueprints of life. Chromosomes are an outer casing for DNA, and they are the ones who carry all of the information related to our bodies composition
“All types of cells undergo mitosis during formation of the embryo, but many adult cells, such as nerve cells, lens cells of the eye, and muscle cells, lost their ability to replicate and divide. The cells of other tissues, particularly epithelial cells [e.g., of the intestine, lung, skin), divide continuously and rapidly, competing the entire cell cycle in less than 10 hours” (McChance & Huether, pg. 35).
Mitosis and meiosis are similar in several ways and different in others. The similarities include that both processes involve IPMAT. IPMAT is interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. The parent cells are diploid. They both end with cytokinesis. In Metaphase and Metaphase II, the sister chromatids line up along the center. Then in Anaphase and Anaphase II, these chromatids are split and pulled towards the centrosomes. The differences are that mitosis consists of 1 division while meiosis consists of 2. Four genetically different, haploid sex cells are the products of meiosis and 2 identical, diploid somatic cells from mitosis. Mitosis occurs in all organisms except viruses and meiosis only occurs in plants, animals, and fungi.
A) Meiosis consists of two cell divisions and is broken up into Meiosis I and Meiosis II. At the beginning of the Cell Cycle, in this case there are four chromatids each from the homologous pairs being A, a, B, b. This is the Diploid number (4) meaning it is 2 times the haploid number that will be seen at the end of meiosis II. During the S phase of interphase, the chromatids replicate and reach the end of G2 phase. Now starting meiosis, during the first stage of prophase I the chromosomes condense and pair up through synapsis with their sister chromatids creating AA, aa, BB, bb. After they pair up they go through a process called crossing over, where the homologous chromosomes share a piece of their genetic material with each other. Crossing over allows for the genetic diversity of chromosomes. Now there are four homologous chromosomes Aa, Aa, Bb, Bb, each containing heterozygous alleles because the sister chromatids exchanged genetic information with their homologous pair. During late prophase I, spindle fibers being to form where they will later attach to a homologous chromosomes centromere. The next stage is Metaphase I. During metaphase I, the homologous pairs line up at the metaphase plate, also known to be the center of the cell. The homologous pairs form a tetrad which is considered a group of four homologous chromosomes. These homologous chromosomes orient themselves randomly, which is know as the process of independent
Interphase: This particular stage is divided into three phases, G1 (first gap), S (synthesis), and G2 (second gap). During all three phases, the cell grows by producing proteins and other organelles within the cytoplasm. However, chromosomes are replicated only during the S phase. In all, a cell grows (G1), continues to grow as it duplicates its
Sample response: Graph A represents a cell undergoing meiosis and Graph B represents a cell undergoing mitosis. In both mitosis and meiosis, the cell starts out with a certain mass of DNA that then doubles as DNA replication takes place during interphase. In mitosis, the cell undergoes the next set of stages including prophase, metaphase, and telophase without changing the quantity of DNA in the cell. When mitosis reaches telophase, the cell divides in two and so one-half of the DNA goes into one daughter cell and the other half goes into the other daughter cell. This results in two daughter cells with the same quantity of DNA as was present in the parent cell. In meiosis I, this same pattern of DNA mass change takes place as DNA replicates
Also, everybody has healed. Our body’s cells reproduce in order for that cut to heal. This cell cycle is the process in which mitosis occurs, and all of the preparations in order for mitosis to happen. (T. Raymond, 2013.) The first phase is known as the interphase, also called the resting state of the cell. Where the cells start to expand through the G1, S, and G2, standing for Gap 1, Synthesis, and Gap 2. During G1, the daughter cells almost double, until the size of the parent size. During the DNA synthesis, the chromosomes are replicated, so that the new daughter cells each have the same amount of genetic information. Finally, during G2, the cell makes preparations for mitosis to occur. This is done by separating 2 strands of DNA. After the interphase, the cell is ready to divide in mitosis. The prophase is the second phase in mitosis. The nuclear envelope breaks down, and the centrioles get into position. Next is the metaphase. This is where the chromosomes gather in a single plane, as opposed to its regularly scattered form. The DNA will then have condensed into chromosomes. Then, the anaphase occurs. This is essentially the first phase of division, where half of the chromosomes are pulled to one side of the cell, and the other half is pushed to the opposite side. Finally, in the telophase, the membrane (outer shell of the cell) closes in and separates the cell into two parts. (T. Raymond, 2013.) This is the basic process of how your cells expand to perform many different functions, like promoting growth in your body, replacing dead cells, and reproductive
Mitosis and Meiosis are two very important topics to learn about within school. It is easy to confuse the two, because they sound so similar, are similar, but also very different. Mitosis occurs when the human body grows and it is asexual because no sexual interaction needs to take place. Meiosis occurs during sexual reproduction and the creation of DNA. There are many similarities and differences between Mitosis and Meiosis.
Mitosis tried its best to break me. All the phases to remember and all the functions of the phases seriously couldn’t the human body be a little easier to comprehend. At first glance Mitosis seemed not so complicated until realising the intricacies of the process. I grasped the basic principle of mitosis in its simplest form, cells divide. The four phases prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase all had a part to play in cell division but what each phase contributed I could not understand. also over the whole cell cycle there was really a total of nine phases if you count the interphase, mitotic phase, G1 phase, G2 phase and S phase I needed some clarification. I endeavoured to find out answers to four questions to clarify and understand clearly.
Reproduction, among most living creatures, is less about enjoying the miracle of life with a significant other and more about fulfilling the instinctual duty of ensuring a specie’s continuation. Life without reproduction is akin to an ice cream cone in July: it will not last long. As such, the definition of life necessitates the inclusion of reproduction. Like metabolism, reproduction comes in many forms. Some of the most basic prokaryotic organisms reproduce asexually. Asexual reproduction involves the replication of genetic material, and then an even division into two “new” individuals (Reece 1014). This method of reproduction, also known as mitosis, is also used in eukaryotic cells to regenerate cells within tissues or organs. An issue surrounding this form of reproduction is the lack of genetic variability. As it involves only one parent, the new generation has the exact same genetic sequence as the original generation (Reece
Mitosis is a process in the cell cycle in which the chromosomes in the cell are separated into two identical sets. Both of these sets have their own nucleus (Mitosis, 2013). Mitosis is followed immediately by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm, organelles, and the cell membrane, and later karyokinesis, which divides the nucleus, dividing the cell into two new cells (Mitosis, 2013). Mitosis and cytokinesis both are part of the miotic part of the cell cycle, which is the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell (Mitosis, 2013). Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells (Mitosis, 2013).
These bivalents line up along the equator during metaphase I, the arrangement of the bivalent is completely random and relative to the orientation of the other bivalents, this is known as the independent assortment of chromosomes. This is followed by anaphase I where the homologous chromosomes separate and move to the opposite poles of the cell. At telophase I the cell divides into two, each cell contains one chromosome from each homologous pair. The second stage of meiosis is similar to mitosis.
What is mitosis? According to our everyday life, mitosis is where cells divide to create more cells which get rid of the dead or hurt cells. More specifically mitosis creates two daughter cells which then does the whole mitosis process again. There are 4 stages a cell takes to reach mitosis. Those stages are Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and telophase.
Meiosis consists of two separate divisions of sex cells. In the first division, the chromosome pairs line up side by side. (Cameron 115) Each chromosomes duplicates itself. Each doubled pair then moves to the equator. Next, the members of each original pair and their duplicates move to the opposite poles. (Cameron 115) The cell divides. Each of the two daughter cells receives one member of each original pair of chromosomes and its duplicate. These two new cells divides immediately. This time the chromosomes do not duplicate themselves.
Both types of cell division first go through interphase which has three stages. The cell grows in the G1 stage. It copies all of its chromosomes during the S phase, the two copies of the chromosomes are held together by the centromere resulting in an X shape. The last stage is preparing for division which is called G2 phase. After this is starts to divide in either mitosis or meiosis.
Mitosis and meiosis are both forms of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells and share some similarities, but also exhibit distinct differences that lead to very different outcomes (UK essays 2013; widmaier et al, 2014; Toole, 2015; Khan, 2016). Mitosis is a cell division that produces two daughter cells receiving a copy of every chromosome with the same genetic component as the parent cell, while meiosis is a cell division that produces haploid sex cells or gametes which contain a single copy of each chromosome (widmaier et al, 2014; Diffen, 2016; Toole 2016; Encyclopaedia Britannica). The purpose of mitosis is cell regeneration, growth, and asexual reproduction, while the purpose of meiosis is the production of gametes for sexual reproduction (UK essays 2013; Vancouver community college, 2011).