The Pros And Cons Of Inter-Agency Cooperation

There was identified problems within the intelligence community overall. The intelligence community struggled through the 1990s It struggled with an overwhelming amount of priorities, lack of and shrinking budgets, outdated equipment, and, of course, bureaucracy. It was not that we did not know about Osama bin Laden and Al Qaeda, it was that the CIA struggled with engaging proxies to disrupt and engage Al Qaeda. The CIA was not the only problem. The FBI has their share of struggles as well. During the 90s, and since the 1993 bombing of the World Trade Centers, the FBI was concerned about international terrorism, but they were and organization with most of their assets devoted to “after-the-fact” investigations. “The FBI attempted several reform efforts aimed at strengthening its ability to prevent such attacks, but these reform efforts failed to implement organization-wide institutional change,” (9/11 Commission, n.d.). The report also identified our permeable boarders, and aviation security issues. The report identified that the State Department’s consular officers nor the Immigration and Naturalization Service’s inspectors and agents were ever to be considered full partners in the counterterrorism effort. Also the protection of our boarders not a national security issue prior to 9/11. When it came to the hijackers of 9/11, they studied the publicly made material for aviation security. They decided to use weapons that had considerable less metal in them, like box cutters, than guns. While two of the hijackers were on the US TIPOFF watch list, aviation security did not use TIPOFF. This led to the terrorist only needing to beat one level of security, and that was the checkpoint. Also during the security process, several of the hijackers were identified for extra screening by the CAPPS system. This system only meant that their checked baggage was further

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has the reputation as the world’s premier law enforcement agency with a vision to stay ahead of the threat through leadership, agility, and integration. (FBI's Strategy, 2017). As an intelligence-driven and threat-focused national security organization, the mission of the FBI is to protect the American people by upholding the Constitution of the United States, defend the US against terrorist and foreign intelligence threats; uphold and enforce the criminal laws of the US; and provide leadership and guidance of criminal justice services to federal, state, municipal, international agencies and partners. (Today's FBI Facts & Figures, 2014).

2). Domestic terrorism is usually committed by citizens of the United States, and documentation of terrorist activities on American soil have dated back to the 1950s. The 1970s heighten domestic terrorism by a “rash of skyjacking”, that is, taking a commercial airline hostage (Sauter & Carafano, 2012). Skyjacking incidents compelled the FBI and CIA to develop undercover strategies to enforce terrorist groups; however, these tactics lead to civil right violations. The federal agencies covert tactics and aggressive intelligence collection, “prompted congressional hearings and led to dramatic restrictions on domestic intelligence operations, including the creation of a bureaucratic wall between intelligence gathering and law enforcement” (Sauter & Carafano, 2012, p. 25). The “wall” that was previously stated halted information sharing between the intelligence community and local law enforcement. Communication and information sharing prevents redundancy in high priority investigations, and it could also provide first responders advance notice in life threatening

Prior to September 11, 2001, the government intelligence agencies truly failed. Both the FBI and CIA are to blame because they failed to share the “information that appears relevant to the events of 9/11” (Theoharis and Immerman). Neither agency thought that the information about terrorists that may be in the U.S. is important to act upon or tell the other organization. This led to nothing happening to try

Before 9/11, the FBI and CIA didn't share information all too often, and the United States didn’t care much for the cooperation of other countries as it does today. The more allies the better. The CIA's budget has doubled and the number of case officers increased. The United States has an intelligence relationship with Saudi Arabia that is on par with being as productive and as strong as its relationship with the British, which simply the idea would have been alien 20 years

Now that we have reviewed the development of the FBI and the DEA, I will like to finish off with talking about the Department of Homeland Security. In the September 2012 issue of Homeland Security, titled “Past, Present and Future”, author Roger L. Kemp, explains that after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, the President, who at the time was George W. Bush, named the head director of Homeland Security eleven days after the attacks. He was not confirmed until January 22, 2003. The main focus of this agency is to protect the country against terrorism and to respond to any future attacks. Then, George W. Bush signed the “Homeland Security Act of 2002” on November 25, 2002.

Prior to 9/11 the security of the United States was “across more than 40 federal agencies and an estimated 2,000 separate Congressional appropriations accounts”. (DHS History Office ,2017, p.4). This was a huge issue when it came to sharing intelligence. This was perhaps one of the many reasons that the terrorist of 9/11 were so successful. Shortly after 9/11, the United States found its self in need of an all-encompassing organization that shared information under one roof that enabled better protection of its infrastructure and its people at home, not just abroad. Shortly over a year later, in November 2002, Congress passed the “Homeland Security Act” (DHS.gov, 2017, para.2). With the creation of homeland security came conflict

Based on information from osu.edu, CIA have no law enforcement functions within the U.S., however, the FBI has rights for them to enforce laws within the U.S. Within the U.S., the CIA is prohibited from collecting information on “U.S. Personal”, which include U.S. citizens, resident aliens, legal immigrants, U.S. corporations, no matter where they are located.The CIA enforces foreign policies in other countries, such as CIA passing on useful information to the U.S. military leaders during combat. The FBI is aloud to handle things within the U.S.. Things like kidnapping, tax evasions, and bank robberies. The FBI and CIA has boundaries for a reason and they would be punished if they break them.

Policies are put in place by the government then sent to the Local Authority who will then work with the setting to adapt the policy looking at safeguarding the holistic child. The aim of a safeguarding policy is to support the 5 outcomes of the Every Child Matters (ECM) to ensure all children are:-

Van Bergen (2002) website states “Many people do not know the US Patriot Act was already written and ready to go long before the September 11th” (p. 1). Critics of the Bush Administration claim the government had information that could have helped prevent the attacks of September 11th. Sharing information and investigations between the agencies, FBI and CIA, was allowed to break the obstacles that once separated investigations that involving criminal and intelligence ones. Information obtained by the United States Justice Department showed the CIA had previous

In the 21st century, the world as we know it suffers from psychotic, demented, treacherous and, sophisticated crimes. This world would be corrupt without a tunnel of light if it was not for the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The Federal Bureau of Investigation, also known as the FBI, is a corporation that seeks fidelity, bravery and, integrity for the United States of America. The FBI researches shocking and concerning crimes the news reports about politics, war and, safety that we hear on the television about issues that are being reported to the people. These cases of transgression are missions the FBI analyzes, such as hacking information from double spies, locating terrorists, seeking pedophiles, cracking down unknown mobsters,

Congress started their own investigations into each agency, and their findings were atrocious. In one case going back to the 50’s the CIA gave our own citizens doses of LSD, and in one case was enough for individual to commit suicide (people pg.554.) The CIA was also linked to a plot to kill Fidel Castro, and other leaders of Cuba. The FBI was linked to actions such as tampering with certain political groups/activists, and may have had a role in the murder of Blank Panther leader Fred Hampton (people pg.555) More notably the FBI was involved in COINTELPRO, which included illegal actions such as fraud, and strong arming certain political groups into an agreement. All of these actions turned a sense of trust in our government entities into a hatred, and angst as to what might come to light next (http://www.monitor.net/monitor/9905a/jbcointelpro.html. A Harvard University Professor, and advisor to the white house Samuel Huntington produced the report entitle Governability of Democracies. IN this report he cited the now lack of government respect, and authority compared to years past. One figure he points out that in 1960 18% of the public viewed government spending to high, and in 1969 that number rose to around 52%. A few lines he was quoted as saying referring to the time “ People no longer felt the same obligation to obey those whom they had previously considered superior to themselves in age, rank, status, expertise, character, or talents ( people 559). His words optimized what became to be the feeling of the 1970’s, and even still today of our political leaders, and government. No longer do people revere these figures as they did in the days of FDR, or Truman. They are now questioning every decision our leaders

Long ago a President of the United States addressed the public with a warning about White Collar crime of the future. He quantified that there were people in charge of professional industries that were extremely shrewd. The warning came next which consisted of being aware that the men in these authoritative positions would have the ability to make decisions that were immoral and thoughtless. With this warning, there were some words of advice that the President would suggest, that could combat the issues people could possibly face because of White Collar crime. The suggestion was that people should remain aware that there is an issue afoot. Also, that he would appoint people that would make sure that these crimes would not go unnoticed. It is thought that the FBI was created as a direct result of the President’s fear that men with positions of power and the right amount of money would become corrupt. White Collar crime has been a top priority to the FBI since the first time it was recognized. More recently, terrorism has taken over the precedence of the importance at the Federal Bureau of Investigation. This does not mean that the original tasks like investigating White Collar crime are going unnoticed, but the FBI does have a lot on their list of things to do

Intelligence collection and apprehension of criminals have occurred for many years; however, with the exception of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, these actions were performed by different organizations. Nonetheless, roles and responsibilities have changed since the attacks on September 11, 2001. Intelligence-led policing and the National Criminal Intelligence Sharing program were incorporated, and fusion centers were established to help gather intelligence from different levels of the government. Although law enforcement at the local, state, and tribal levels aid in intelligence collection, it is important to ensure that intelligence gathered to protect national security and law enforcement

According to Federal Bureau of Investigation (2011) after the 9/11 attacks, “significant advances have been made in clarifying and rectifying intelligence gaps and requirements through the formation of liaison and working relationships with other U.S. intelligence community agencies, foreign partners, the private sector, and academia”. For instance, since 2001, FBI CI program has resulted in total arrests of 249, of which 46 of them were linked to espionage. CI has