The Pyridine Ring: The Second Cause Of Cancer

According to the oral cancer foundation, “Chemotherapy is the use of chemicals to destroy cancer cells. Chemotherapy works by interfering with the cancer cell's ability to grow. It is one of the three main methods utilized to treat cancer.” With cancer being a potentially fatal disease it is important to diagnose it as soon as possible. the oncologist have to study the chemicals used so that they can determine what chemicals will treat the cancer or disease the best and what chemicals can be mixed together without any major side effects. The drugs can be divided into groups based on how they work, their chemical structure, and their relationship to other drugs.

It has broad variety of anti-tumor activity and forms the backbone of combination chemotherapy regimes presently

Tryptophan is absolutely necessary to life and is crucial, in terms of human diet. It has a limiting effect on appetite that decreases it and eventually leads to a sufficient concentration that can assist overweight or obese people to lose weight. The amino acid contributes greatly and leads to numerous positive effects wherein, one is its ability to prevent certain medical conditions and diseases. Inflammatory activities may reduce or decrease with the intake of tryptophan. Moreover, tryptophan plays a relevant role in cancer; as regards to the IDO- related immune tolerance for cancer antigens, methyl-Tryptophan derivatives and IDO inhibitors that are promising compounds for therapy against tumor growth and metastasis formation (Betti et al., 2015).

Many substances that are safe at normal doses, can be harmful or fatal at higher doses. For example, aspirin is beneficial when used at the prescribed dose, but can be lethal in large enough doses. Even water, essential to human life, can be fatal if very large amounts are consumed all at once. Salt is another substance that is essential for life but severely toxic at a high enough dose.

Cancer is the most prevalent public health challenge worldwide, hence becoming the second leading cause of death in 2013 (cite!). The illness develops when abnormal body cells survive and new cells grow, which are to replace old and damaged ones (cite!). Healthcare professionals associate cancer prevalence with risk factors such as smoking and obesity (cite pg#87) and according to research studies, one in every three individuals will develop cancer (cite!). Such statistics correspond to the occurrence of cancer in the United States, with prostate cancer affecting 105.3 per 100,000 people nationwide (cite!). For the past decade, cancer drugs have increased from $10,000 in the 1990s to $100,000 by 2012; therefore, many patients may die because

(II) Tertiary amino moiety as bioisoster was selected to replace tertiary alcohol of Fluconazole. Compared with tertiary alcohol, the tertiary amino group could not only be liable to form hydrogen bonds, but also accepts proton or form quaternary salts which results in the increase of water solubility or coordinate with metal ions which probably lead to enhance affinity, selectivity and potency in biological properties.18

After conducting the experiment, Onosma L. result showed that at a 100% - 23.6% growth, at 50% - 27.3% growth, at 25% - 27.5% growth, at 13% - 54.4% growth, at 6% - 75.4% growth, at 3%- 78.1% growth, at 2% - 80.8% growth, at Tamox (T0) – (-2.55%) growth, and at DMSO – 100% growth. The result showed that at a 100%, about 77% actual grew and 23.6% died. At Tamox the entire cell lines died because it was the positive control. At DMSO 100% of cells survived. This compound proved to be a possibility against A549 cell (Lung cancer). Onosma research indicated a 23% chance against prevention of lung cancer cell. Rosemary result showed at a 100%- 93.9% growth, at 50% - 96.9% growth, at 25% - 99.2% growth, at 13% - 102.3%, at 6%- 103.2% growth, at 3%- 103.4 growth, at 2% -100.3% growth, at Tamox (T0) – 6.5% growth and at DMSO -100% growth. Chamomile result showed at a 100% - 20.5% growth, at 50% - 25.6% growth, at 25% - 25.9% growth, at 13% - 48.5% growth, at 6%- 69.4% growth, at 3%- 70.9% growth, at 2%- 74.1% growth, at Tamox (T0) - (-1.23) growth and at DMSO – 100% growth. All compounds used showed an prevention against cancer with further research are good candidates against the war for cancer in

Current cancer treatments have high risks of harsh side effects and a high probability of reoccurring cancer. There is an urgent need for new anticancer therapies; compounds derived from the natural products of bacteria and fungi have been investigated as a possible solution. The natural product industry gained popularity around1970-1980 and the primary focus is to determine the structure of small molecule produced

Azacitidine is a pyrimidine nucleoside analogue of cytidine (Figure 1). Chemotherapy drug used to treat a group of disorders that affect the bone marrow and blood, known as myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS).It is a pro drug. Once inside the cell it is uptaken by human concentrative nucleoside transporters. It is phosphorylated into monophosphate, di and tri phosphate forms. Azacytidine triphosphate is the active form which is incorporated into RNA. Azacytidine is approved for the treatment of adult patients who are not eligible for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with intermediate-2 and high-risk MDS, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) with 10%–29% marrow blasts and without myeloproliferative disorder and AML with 20%–30% blasts and

Benzene, a leading cause of cancer, is among the most used and most dangerous chemicals across the globe. It's used for the creation of many materials such as rubbers, plastics, pesticides, lubricants and much more. When swallowed or inhaled, benzene has been discovered to be the common cause of a variety of tumors. Breathing in high levels of benzene can have a great impact on the nervous system and may lead to headaches, confusion, dizziness, and sometimes

Carcinogens are substances that are harmful to the body, such as smoking. Smoking is a known cause of lung cancer, and contains several chemical that are harmful to the body. NNAL and NNK are the most abundant carcinogen contained in smoking products. The body metabolizes these carcinogens with UGTs. UGTs are phase II detoxification enzymes, that increase water solubility and molecular weight of substrates. Preliminary data shows that UGT2B17 has the highest detoxification activity for the carcinogen, NNAL. The primary purpose of the research was to observe how gene deletions of UGT2B17, the detoxification enzyme, would increase lung cancer risk. The study also looked to observe risk associated with UGT metabolism differences in genders and

Gemcitabine (2,2-difluoro 2-deoxycytidine, dFdC) is a deoxycytdine analog; a prodrug with activity against non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), small cell lung cancer (SCLC), ovarian and pancreatic cancers (Hertel et al., 1990; Braakhuis et al., 1995; Boven et al.,1993; Merriman et al., 1996; Jansen et al., 1995) Pancreatic cancer tumor [1 & 2 ref]. Nowadays gemcitabine is signified as a single agent in the treatment of patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer [2], (2,2-difluoro 2-deoxycytidine, dFdC) is an analogue of cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) from which it vary structurally due to its fluorine substituents on position 29of the furanose ring [ref 1].

When I read this question, the first thing that came to my mind is Dr. Muricio question in the class “why mutation is permanent?” The answer was because if it is not permanent why diseases are still exist on the earth. Last week, Dr. Khalid Elasid also asked us “is Thalidomide still available in the market and why”. I went through Google to find the answer and I did. These two questions have raised many curious questions in my mind, which are: are antioxidants still available in the market? If antioxidants aren’t good, why they are still exist on the earth? This doesn 't mean that antioxidants are good because cigarettes are still in the market too. Last week I was impressed by Silymarin antioxidant role in preventing and treating hepatocellular carcinoma by tens of mechanisms. Today I got chocked and confused by reading the harmful effects of antioxidants on cancers development. How come antioxidants were good last week and bad this week?

Benzene is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon that is represented with the formula C6H6. It was discovered in 1825 by a British scientist, Michael Faraday, who extracted it from crude oil by applying pressure, and named it “Bicarburet of hydrogen”. However, its chemical synthesis did not start until in 1843, Charles Mansfield, discovered a method to extract benzene from coal tar.

SYNTHESIS, SPECTRAL AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF PYRIDINE 2,6 DICARBOXALIC ACID HYDRAZONE DERIVATIVES AND ITS METAL COMPLEXES