The Role Of Bilingualism In Diglossia

“Our culture, our traditions, our languages are the foundations upon which we build our identity.” - Unknown. Bilingualism has many different interpretations and definitions and can cause problems in the community or unite it. The concept of bilingualism represents several different ideas, two writers, Martin Espada and Richard Rodriguez share in their essays their personal stories about being immersed into the English culture and learning the language. They share their views of what bilingualism means to them personally and make arguments about the importance of the concept. The two essayists bring awareness to the major role bilingualism plays in the communities today and highlight the effects of disagreements between cultural groups.

The need for bilingual education is not directly related to the need for the student to have a more pleasant learning experience, but based more on the increasing need for these individuals to learn about their heritage, how they can present themselves to others in different scenarios, and being knowledgeable in both languages at a dual equivalence. The key

Bilingualism is now the global norm compared to monolingualism. Languages are changing and more people are able to speak more than one language. Ricento (2005) has established that there

In America, there is a predominant growth in multiple ethnicities and cultural backgrounds; leading to the usage of multiple languages in the American culture. There is a growing need for many people to learn and utilize multiple languages within the workplace and within one 's own personal life. The importance of bilingualism and the knowledge of multiple languages is ever increasing, and therefore becoming more important for the younger generations. The push for knowing multiple languages and becoming bilingual has many potential negative and positive effects.

This nation is a place where different cultures come together and learn to coexist. From native America, Latinos, Asians and probably other nations that are not well known; they all have something in common which they all are bilinguals. Authors Cisneros, Agosin, Dumas and Tan clearly illustrate that being bilingual has both advantages and disadvantages.

In bilingual/multilingual communities there are more than one language is used, which means people who live in this communities speak two ore more languages. There are several factors influence the choose of language used when interacting with others, such as : the participants, topic and location. According to Borrish (2004), the language chosen by bilingual/multilingual speaker is influenced by several factors, specifically : who he/she is talking to (participant), what he/she talking about (topic), where he/she is talking (place), and what he/she is talking for (purpose). It is important to know the appropriate time, participants, location, and topic in choosing a language to avoid misunderstanding/miscommunication and to achieve the purpose.

In this report the reasons why bilingual people switch code is presented, starting with introducing what code switching is, followed by types of code-switching, why bilingual people switch code during a conversation, recommendation, conclusion, and appendix respectively.

In a multilingual or bilingual environment, use of code switching is a common practice. This research aims at finding the attitude of students towards code switching on daily conversation. Nipel (2006) investigates social culture linguistics where students frequently use code switching a lot as not to break a conversation that they are participating in. Therefore, code switching is always used by students who are from the same area and speak the same language. The definition of code switching has been suggested by many researchers in the past. For example, Wardhaugh (2006) in his book defined code switching as switching from one code to another in order to create a new code. In other words, it is defined as a form of identity marker for a group of speakers who use more than one language. Moreover, Myers-Scotton (2006) defined code switching as the use of two different language types in a single or same conversation. Therefore, code-switching is the collocation within the same conversation between two people who use different grammatical systems while participating in the conversation. Code-Switching occurs when two languages are used in one interaction session between two bilingual speakers (Young, 2014).

Code-switching is considered a phenomenon in communication, where the speakers, typically bilinguals, alternate codes such as languages, dialects, style or accent within a conversation to accommodate interaction needs (Gladkova, 2017; Shay, 2015). Even though code-switch users are considered to be language incompetent, and to impure languages, the process serves many positive purposes in multiple contexts. Switching between codes is a behaviour to utilise lexical resources of both languages or to emphasise the meaning of the delivered messages, to define personal or groups’ identity, and to aid teachers in conducting language lessons.

This research is extremely important and the findings are very crucial to improving the bilingual

In time, bilingualism had become researchers debate topic especially from the linguistic field and therefore occurred a lot of specialized papers.In a topic debate it's important to know the definition of the subject , and into this, I want to start by adding the definitions of bilingual and bilingualism from the Bilinguality and Bilingualism, Second edition by Josiane F. Hamers and Michel H. A.,

Bilingualism was once seen as a negative attribute. Experts such as doctors, psychologists, teachers, and more were firm believers in that bilingualism was capable of causing more bad than good in the minds of multicultural people, and especially children (Arsenian 1945). It was once believed that having knowledge of two distinct languages in one brain could lead to “mental confusion, inadequate mastery of either language, and cultural up rootedness” (Arsenian 1945: 69-70). According to the article “Bilingualism in the Post War World” written in 1945, this notion was seriously considered decades before the Second World War and was still being considered since the publication of the article. As mentioned in another article, this belief held up from the nineteenth century well into the 1960’s (Mitsunori 2000).

In this paper, the issues and benefits of bilingualism have been discussed, as well as the different kinds of bilinguality. The author has found out that even if becoming bilingual seems to be purely beneficial to one’s social,

In this world, there are a lot of languages used to communicate. Nation and cultural diversity are a source of variation in the languages. The diversity of the language used by a particular group is a factor of the occurrence of bilingualism. According to Grosjean (1984, p. 1) bilingualism is the use of two or more languages. The proficiency of bilingualism may vary depending on the exposure to the other users of language and opportunities to use the language. It is one of the factors of replacement of the language. This phenomenon known as code switching, it can occur as a whole, the incorporating elements of other languages in the language being used, or the turn of a variation of a language. Based on Poplack (1980) theory code switching is the alternation of two languages within a single discourse, sentence or constituent. Garrett (2010, p. 11) said that code switching is the most powerful feature of informal communication. Code switching happens when speakers speak in one language into another language as example when they

“Bilinguality is the psychological state of an individual who has access to more than one linguistic code as a means of social communication; the degree of access will vary along a number of dimensions which are psychological, cognitive, psycholinguistics, social psychological, social, sociological, sociolinguistics, sociocultural and linguistic” (Hamers, Blanc 2000:6)