The Shock Is A Life Threatening Condition Of Circulatory Failure

Hypovolemic shock is an urgent condition of rapid reduction of circulatory volume in the body, which can be created due to blood or plasma or body fluids loss (Kettley & Marsh, 2016, p. 31; Perner & Backer, 2014, p. 613). Blood loss can be induced by internal or external injuries, excessive perspiration or diuretics (Craft & et al, 2015, p. 852). Maureen Hardy’s hypovolemia has been precipitated by hematemesis.

“What is shock? The medical term shock refers to organs and tissues of the body not receiving a sufficient flow of blood.” So basically, what is happening is the organs

Describe the five different types of shock and include for each, its pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and treatment.

Shock is a life-threatening condition with a variety of underlying causes. Shock is caused when the cells have a lack of adequate blood supply and are deprived of oxygen and nutrients. In cases of shock, blood is shunted from peripheral areas of the body to the vital organs. Hemorrhage and decreased blood volume are associated with some, but not all, types of shock.

Venkataraman, Ramesh, and Michael R. Pinsky. "Toxic Shock Syndrome." Medscape. 16 July 2010. Web. 17 Oct. 2011. <http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/169177- overview>.

Septic shock is a subset of severe sepsis and was defined as “sepsis-induced hypotension persisting despite adequate fluid resusci- tation” (see Fig. 12.1). While the quantity of fluid that qualifies as “adequate fluid resuscitation” is controversial, we believe septic shock is best defined as a “mean arterial pressure (MAP) less than 65 mmHg after a fluid challenge of 20 mL/Kg body weight (given 30–60 minutes) in patients with sepsis and in the absence of other causes for hypotension” (also see Chap. 14). According to the ACCP/SCCM defini- tions, three stages in the hierarchy of the host’s response to infection were recognized, namely, sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock, with sepsis having the best prognosis and septic shock the worst. While the use of the SIRS criteria to define sepsis is some- what controversial [3–6], many consider sepsis to be best defined as the “systemic response to infection with the presence of some degree of organ dysfunction”

Shock is a collapse of Circulatory function caused by severe injury, blood loss, or disease, and characterized by pallor sweating, weak pulse, and very low blood pressure .There are three basic types of shock. Cardiogenic Shock [includes tension pneumothorax, cardiac tamponede and pulmonary embolism] which is caused by the heart failing to pump as designed. Distributive shock [includes septic shock, neurogenic shock, anaphylactic shock and psychogenic shock] which is caused by poor vessel function. Lastly we have hypovolemic shock [includes hemorrhagic shock and non hemorrhagic shock]. Cardiogenic shock is basically shock that is cardiac in nature. It is also the end off of the road for all other causes of shock. Cardiogenic shock

According to the National Trauma Institute, hypovolemic shock is the second leading cause of death in people with traumatic injuries. [1] This makes the initial identification and management of Hypovolemia detrimental to the outcome and survival of many patients involved in traumatic events. Hypovolemia refers to a medical condition in which rapid fluid loss results in multiple organ failure due to inadequate circulating volume and consecutive inadequate perfusion. [1,2,3]

Toxic Shock Syndrome is a staph/strep bacterial infection. TSS . It is caused by the use super absorbent tampons, abortions, recent miscarriage.

Speed Shock: Occurs when a foreign substance usually a medication is rapidly introduced into the circulation. Signs and Symptoms are dizziness, facial flushing, headache, tightness in the chest, hypotension, irregular pulse, progression of shock

• Hypovolemic or hemorrhagic shock, or both (pallor, tachypnea, tachycardia, and hypotension), and secondary coagulopathy.

Toxic shock syndrome is a serious, possibly life-threatening, complication that occurs as a result of an infection, usually caused by staph or strep bacteria. It is a very rare condition, with only 337 cases appearing in the United States in 2015. Historically, it has often associated with the use of tampons, although its occurrence among menstruating women has dropped since certain tampons have been removed from the market.

Shock is common manifestation of EVD severity and possible lethal pathway45. This state require aggressive volume resuscitation and, when caused severe blood loss, transfusion of blood (from regular donors or convalescent patients) , blood products (whole blood, packed red blood cells, fresh frozen plasma, platelets) and various blood derived regulators of coagulation ( clotting factors, fibrinogen, prothrombin, proconvertin, anti-hemophilic globulin B). If needed, vasopressors such as dopamine or nor-epinephrine should administered to maintain blood pressure.

For neonates presenting with cardiac shock, stabilization by maximizing cardiac output should be attempted vigorously. This include starting PGE-1 infusion to maintain the patency of PDA and improve descending aorta perfusion as well as administer intravenous fluids, inotropics,

Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, also known as MODS, can occur after any severe injury or disease process that activates a large systemic inflammatory response which includes any kind of shock (Sole, 2013, 283). Like with any kind of dysfunction, organ dysfunction can lead to further organ failure and ultimately death (Sole, 2013, 283). The most common causes of MODS includes severe sepsis and septic shock, which represents the highest cause of mortality in these conditions (Semeraro, 2011, 293). The body’s immune system along with the body’s response to stress can be a precipitating factor to maldistribution of circulating volume, global tissue hypoxia, and metabolic alterations which results in damage to the organs (Sole, 2013, 283). According to Ignatavicius (2013), once the damage has begun, a vicious cycle follow resulting in further cellular and organ damage. The first organs to lose their function include the liver, heart, brain, and kidneys, with the most devastating change being the damage to the heart muscle (Ignatavicius, 2013, 814). Multitudes of research has been done to further explain the cause and possible treatments for this deadly syndrome.