REVIEW OF
“THE SUSTAINABILITY OF BIOFUELS IN LATIN AMERICA”
CHIKE CYRILAMAEFULE
Griffith School of Engineering, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD4222, Australia
This paper gives an outline of the hotspots of contentions in biofuel production in Latin America. It shows researches on accessible sustainability instruments and activities to guarantee practical biofuel generation in Latin America, and examines the benefits, advantages and obstructions of implementing sustainability initiatives of biofuel production in latin America. The paper additionally propose a point of view toward how to incorporate sustainability in the Latin American biofuel area. It eventually lands at the conclusion and advances a few suggestions.
Keywords: sustainability, biofuel, benefits, barriers
1. Introduction
1.1. Overview of bio fuel in LA
. Latin America (LA) has abundance of renewable energy sources which remarkably could provide energy solutions to worldwide energy needs.
For biofuel generation, Latin America has a blend of numerous favorable circumstances, for example, great soil, appropriate atmosphere, accessible land and low work costs. Brazil is one of only a handful couple of nations that have generally demonstrated an expanding supply and utilization of biofuels as Brazil 's generation and usage of bioethanol from sugarcane has turned into a reasonable transport fuel since 30 years. Argentina and Brazil are encountering the developing use of soy beans for biodiesel creation.
Thirdly, the cost of biofuel is high because its production and infrastructural cost is humongous. To create biofuel, large tracts of land need to be cleared for setting up the plant. This is not feasible because of global economic meltdown whose one major disadvantage is the rising food prices. If the land that could be better used for producing the much needed food crops, there is no need to use the same land for generating biofuels (FAO 07). Furthermore, the cost of establishing and running a biofuel plant runs into billions. Where would the money come from? Of course, the people have to pay for them, doubly, first for purchasing biofuel and secondly in the form of taxes. Ironically, the common man cannot afford such expenses given the current economic situation, which if not controlled will create more problems in the future like unemployment, an issue more important than debating biofuels and diesel fuels (Stern 07).
In the current era, fossil fuel is a necessity in our everyday life, for not only it is used as an energy source, but also due to the high rate of dependability on the fuel itself. The recent drop in oil prices caused an enormous impact on the world economy, especially to the countries that are highly dependent on the fuel industry. The United States also are affected by this situation. One suggestion and a major change, in order to reduce the high dependency on the fossil fuel and to overcome the problems related to the usage of fossil fuel, is to start the wide use of biofuel as the fossil fuel replacement. The impact of this change, and also a huge improvement, not only will help to stabilize the economy, but also can help in reducing the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Another study conducted by journal of Applied Energy shows well-to-wheel analysis of energy produced from different types of biofuel and their impact on greenhouse gases emissions. As shown in figure 2, ethanol has lower carbon emissions compared to gasoline and diesel. Specifically ethanol is made of sugar-beet or wood has significantly lower gCO2-equevlent/km than petrol fuels, while wheat ethanol produces greater emissions since fertilisers are used in its production process. [3]
There is an imperative need not just for Tambopata, but all of Peru to increase its economy and enable the access of basic needs to its citizens. While the area of Tambopata has many arguments for its potential use, sustainable soybean cultivation is the best approach to improve Peruvian infrastructure, economy and future preservation of natural areas.
There are about three universally used fuel sources for energy around the world which are: coal, oil, and natural gas. There has been a global increase in energy consumption throughout the world. Energy consumption is a topic that will impact the world. Greenhouse gasses are gasses that trap heat in the atmosphere, in turn, releasing carbon dioxide. This essay will discuss the common fuel sources, emissions, and total energy consumption by the United States and Brazil.
In other places around the globe such as Europe, leading organizations such as the European Union agree with the evidence that states biofuels compete with the food supply, leading to deforestation and hunger. As a result, they have put a cap of 7% of biofuels to be used towards total fuel used for transportation. With regulation in place, the European Union hopes to prevent an increase to food prices, deforestation, and land grabbing. However, these regulations work against the organization’s 10% renewable energy
To solve the rigorous threat to earth from global warming, bio-fuels serve as the most feasible source of energy all over the world. The environmental and economical performance of bio-fuel as compared to fossil fuel was analyzed by full Life Cycle Analyses (LCA) in Spain. The Spanish government CIEMAT, carried out two LCA’s so as to compare ethanol-ethanol mixtures with gasoline, and biodiesel-biodiesel mixtures with fuel oil according to ISO 14040-43 standards, these standards evaluate energy and mass balance for two or more objects. It was concluded that carbon dioxide emission during utilization of bio-fuel are lower than fossil fuel and bio-fuel requires less primary energy to be processed than fossil fuels. Bob Dinneen, President and CEO of the Renewable Fuels Association submitted the letter to the editor of The Gazette in which he marked that “On an environmental level, conventional ethanol is reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 34% compared to petroleum, including hypothetical land use change emissions” (qtd. in renewable fuel association). As the raw material for
Our need for energy is constantly growing; to fill this need we have turned to inexpensive, copious, and inefficient sources of energy such as coal and oil. Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands are beginning to use renewable energy sources in an effort to protect the Galapagos from the dangers of fossil fuels. Ecuador’s and the Galapagos use of wind, solar, and biofuels in the place of fossil fuel help reduce the use of coal and oil energy in boats, cars, and generators. Ecuador and the Galapagos plans have several plans for more renewable energy sources that will make the Galapagos a completely sustainable archipelago in the near future. The government of Ecuador has several expectations for what their projects will accomplish.
But the issues have been to have alternatives to replace palm oil cultivation and production. Other alternatives like the soy bean and others do not prosses the qualities that palm oil has. However, the views of drivers of the socio-economy, governmental decision and environmental activists that make palm oil “Palms of Controversies” (Rival and Levang, 2014).
Increased energy demands, the need for dependence on oil imports, and rising oil prices have created a new found interest in renewable, biomass fuels. The U.S. Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) added onto the Renewable Fuel Standard that required that all U.S. transportation fuels contain at least 36 billion gallons of renewable fuels by 2022. Algae biofuels have the potential to make a significant contribution to achieving these goals and having our nation become an energy independent country. The U.S. federal government has invested over $800 million in biofuels research as part of the American Recovery and Renewal Act. These funds have been given to the Department of Energy - Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy’s Biomass Program to invest in research, development, and finding ways to create an algae-to-biomass a commercialized farm and product. A few private companies are also making substantial investments in the algae to biomass area. With all the interest in algae as biomass, it is possible that algae could become the best sustainable oil option for the United States.
With the todays advancements in machinery and other technological aspects the idea and importance of using biofuels that are both environmentally safe and efficient is important. With todays society being more aware of greenhouse gas emissions and that can make In a series of three weeks the efficiency and environmental safeness of five different biofuels were tested to determine which In the three labs performed of a series of three weeks, the efficiency and environmentally safeness of different biofuels were tested to determine of which would be most suitible if the ideas from above are taken into consideration. By recording the germination of seeds with a certain biofuel the toxicity of each fuel was determined. In lab 7, through
One great example of Chile’s high regards for ethics can be displayed by their conservative position on Biofuel production. They seek to ensure that their five ethical principles of “human rights, environmental sustainability, climate change mitigation, right to a fair reward, and equitable distribution” are not compromised for monetary gain (Román-Figueroa, & Paneque, 2015, p. 293). On the contrary, if Chile’s government decided to support biofuel production it would increase energy independence and boost economic development. Since, energy supply imports alone is 60.2%, including 94.1% of oil, and coal 93.7%. Therefore, the Chilean government is conducting themselves in a professional and trustworthy manner, which is reflective in their moral and sound decisions regarding biofuel production. According to Zarezankova-Potevska and Potevska-Kolevska (2017), “In a general sense, ethics is a code of moral principles and values that govern the
The world market for biofuels has expanded leading to global competition. Many countries are passing laws supporting biofuel industries due to the rise in oil prices, global warming, and economic opportunity. As oil prices rise, the demand for biofuel increases. The problem with the
In the world of global warming, all kinds of pollution and fuel shortages going on, renewable and clean/ green energy is increasingly the ideal solution of energy related problems we have to solve one way or another. Biofuel is one of the mainstream and highly supported solutions nowadays, an idea to make renewable fuel by living organisms such as fiber, corn, vegetable oil or sugar cane. Unlike nonrenewable fossil fuels over extracted by people causing various environmental problems like generating a considerable amount greenhouse gas, current technology already lets renewable fuel like biofuels to shrink a certain amount of greenhouse gas production, making it a more ‘clean’ source of energy.
This essay focuses on two renewable energy resources. First of all, biofuel is now accepted as alternative energy in worldwide. The figures continue upward trend in the biofuel production. ‘An annual growth rate of 6.8% from 2006 to 2030 is expected for total biofuels consumption in the transport sector’ (International Energy Agency: 2008 cited in Zhou, et al., 2009:S11). Significant leaders of the biofuel market are Brazil, the United States and the European Union. The results of research indicated that 92% of the world’s ethanol is produced by Brazil and US together, while 90% of the world’s biodiesel manufactured by the EU. In addition, several developing countries in Asia such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines have an enormous potential for biofuel production. Now these countries are