Latent learning: Latent learning is the one which occurs but it is not evident in behaviour until later, when the situation for its appearance are favourable/relevant. Latent learning is said to occur without any reinforcement for particular response and seems to involve change in ways information is processed. This process can be further explained by an experiment made by Tolman in which three groups of rats were left in a maze where these groups were treated in a different way to each other in order to evaluate the end results.
Group 1- It was reinforced with some kind of reward from day one, as a result of which, it completed the maze fastly.
Group 2- No reinforcement was given to it. Hence, it did not show any sign of improvement and wandered
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The basic concept is that, learning Latin would expand our mind and the mind once stretched would remain more receptive to other new ideas.
Although, the idea of transfer of learning seems to work logically, many psychologists are doubtful about its usefulness. Apparently, pretty much depends on there being similarity at some point between two different learning experiences, It also depends on the kind of outcome that is required.
In a nutshell, what has been learnt later is somehow similar to what has been learnt in the past. It may be possible to reach the end point through different routes.
Hence a proper distinction must be made between positive and negative transfer of learning.
Positive transfer of learning is the one which occurs when the first learning experience makes the first learning experience quicker. Whereas, the negative transfer of learning is when it gets in the way of the second learning experience.
This can be tested by following model:
Experimental group- Learns A and Learns B then tested on B.
Control group- Learns B and tested on
Learning, as defined by Slavin (2012), is “a change in an individual caused by experience” (p. 116). Learning can occur intentionally or unintentionally. All learning, however, is stimulated by something that is the learner (student) has encountered. As an instructor, your goal every day is to use the right stimuli to capture the student’s attention so they can absorb the knowledge you are trying to share.
There are several factors that have and still do influence on my own individual learning process. However some have impacted greater than others and they are as followed:
Is a learning that occurs as a function of seeing, retaining, and in the case of imitation learning, replicating novel behavior executed by other people. It allows learning without any direct change to behavior; because of this, it has been used as an argument against strict behavior. Observational learning can also produce new behaviors, and either increase or decrease the frequency with which a previously learned behavior is demonstrated. In order for observational learning to occur, the observer must pay attention to an action, remember the observed behavior, also be able to replicate the behavior, and motivated to produce the behavior. For example, seeing a professional soccer player play soccer may motivate an observer to play soccer or other
The Learning Theory influences everyone’s culture, ethnicity, gender, and social status, by being from different geographical location and religious background everyone has a unique characteristic, when it comes to learning or problem solving. One of the most important events in a human’s life is the “Learning Theory”.
A. Giving a kid a dollar for every A they make on their report card.
“Bandura analyzed the nature of observational learning and found it to be governed by four related mechanisms: attentional processes, retention processes, production processes, and incentive and motivational processes” (Schultz & Schultz, 2013, p. 335). First, there are various changing forces that can effect attentional processes (Schultz & Schultz, 2013). According to Bandura, “observational learning or modeling will not occur unless the subject pays attention to the model” (Schultz & Schultz, 2013). For example, even though Antwone was not raised by his biological parents, he had several influences in his life.
The learning approach is a behaviorist theory and only observable behaviour’s are studied. The theory
Learning is a fascinating concept. Everyone does it and everyone always has, but not everyone explores its eclectic process. That being said, through the course of history, it has been studied vehemently. Ivan Pavlov, a behaviorist, had some groundbreaking research on subclass of learning called classical conditioning. Coming across it incidentally, he discovered that dogs would salivate not only from eating food, but anything associated with them getting fed. Anything unnatural in their feeding process, he termed as the conditioned stimulus, which would result in the conditioned response of them salivating (Daniels). Though classical conditioning seems rather simple and commonsensible, the information psychologists have gathered from it has been revolutionary. It has shown psychologists the very basics of how we learn and adapt as organisms and opened the door for other studies (Myers 268). According to psychologists, learning is the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors (Myers 268).
Humans are adapted uniquely to learn, and this process id has done throughout their entire lifespan, for the cases of learning, it does not stop even after higher education, implying that learning is a gradual process throughout the entire lifespan. Those people who keep learning are always very successful in transforming their lives, that of their families, and then that of the entire community. Also, the process of learning does not take place in isolation. Furthermore, there are some factors that may either be instrumental in boosting the learning process or hindering the process of learning. The motivation of a person can either help or sometimes hinder his ability in the process of learning. One's external factors, for instance, the demands and obligations can be either hinder or help his learning process. There are some factors can influence learning behavior of a person, and these may include the resources of possessed by the people, availability of the information concerning learning opportunities, the presence of favorable learning environment, and among
People start learning from birth and there are many factors that affect it. For example attitudes affect an individual way of learning and handling. In the work environment it will be good and positive when the individual is dealing positively with his colleagues and the tasks required from him to do and this will have a good impact on his ability to learn and production. And when the individual deal negatively in the work environment, this negative impact on the work and deals with his environment and be an obstacle
Learning is a multifaceted perception unique to each individual. In looking to address the intricacies of learning, there have been a multitude of learning theories established over the centuries. To this day new theories are developed and traditional theories continue to be developed and expanded upon. (Swinburne Online, 2016)
Cognitive and behavioral learning theories tend to dominate modern discussions of learning theories. Employed in both educational and clinical settings, both have important contributions to understanding how and why individuals learn. Is one approach statistically better than the other, or do they each have their own place where one approach may be more effective under specific circumstances? Each theory has supporters who claim the efficacy of their theory is superior. Comparison of the theories is necessary to determine if one is significantly better than the other, or even if one theory may be slightly more effective than the other. Determining if one competing theory
Psychologists have preformed many studies and proposed many theories regarding learning. Learning can be defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that is due to past experience.
Learning has been described by Howe (1980) as ‘cumulative’ i.e. whatever we learn at any time is influenced by previous learning. It is also clear that developmental processes and learning processes are closely interlinked. Whilst psychologists agree that learning is affected by past experience and is relatively permanent there are differing theories about exactly what changes when learning takes place and what mechanisms are involved. An important issue is whether the focus is on overt behavioural changes (that which can be seen) or covert, cognitive changes (the unseen change in thoughts). The concept of learning is broad and there are different psychological theories as to what is involved in that learning process.
Behavioral Learning Theories Most theorists agree that learning occurs when experience causes a change in a person's knowledge or behavior . Behaviorists emphasize the role of environmental stimuli in learning and focus on the behavior, i.e., an observable response. Behavioral theories are based on contiguity, classical and operant conditioning, applied behavior analysis, social learning theory and self-regulation/cognitive behavior modification. Early views of learning were contiguity and classical conditioning.