Traditional Method Of Genomic Selection

Through the process called genetic screening, average milk production per cow increased dramatically in Ontario over the past 10 years. This trend is likely to continue into the future.

This data can be further used by analyzing and providing additional information about the influences of certain characteristics on population genetics.

Humans have been manipulating genetic transfer for over 10,000 years since our hunter- gatherer ancestors began to settle in one place and started farming and planting crops. Those humans observed and chose organisms from natural selection to select and breed organisms that showed characteristics desired by them and this began the process of selective breeding. Selective breeding favours recessive alleles that do not persist in wild populations. Selective breeding is a process of increasing the frequency of rare and recessive alleles so that they appear in homozygous form. This has the effect of eliminating the alleles for wild type from the population and the process of domestication has become irreversible. The domestic species has become dependent on humans for their survival. It is from these domestic species that humans have selected and breed favourable genetic traits for their benefit, be it higher yield in plant crops, sweeter tasting fruit, and more milk from dairy cows or ease of handling stock, selective breeding continues to be used today.

Farmers are using different technology for breeding. They used selective breeding to produce animals that exhibit desirable traits and they get more benefit from it. For example, using breeding techniques farmers makes cows which produce more milk with less lactose, and sheep which produce more wool. Farmers accept this new selective breeding technology because in the past, farmers would use growth hormones to promote such qualities. This became problematic when residue of the hormones remained in the meat, leaving it with a foul taste. When researchers began to clone transgenic animals, it became possible to develop certain traits in animals, which increased the quality of their yield. When a farmer would like to raise the standards of a herd, the breeding process is very slow and sometimes incomes can decrease (Wilmut 23). Many times when relying on sexual breeding alone to mass-produce these animals, there are chances of breeding out the desired traits (Freudenrich). Transgenic animal cloning will result in higher quality meats and dairies without the use of artificial hormones. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration released in January 2008 concluded “edible products from normal, healthy clones or their progeny do not appear to pose increased food consumption risks relative to comparable products from conventional animals.” After 2008, US Food and Drug Administrative agree to use

Selective breeding also could cause a decrease in biodiversity due to inbreeding. Inbreeding is the production of breeding between closely related individuals [2] and is used as it increases the chance of having favourable alleles and desirable phenotypes in the offspring. However, due to the individuals close genetic relations to one another this can cause many problems for the biodiversity of the population of dairy cows. Traits that may be disadvantageous now will be continuously chosen against during genomic selection and embryo transfer as the DNA is being scanned and checked for undesirable traits. However, this disadvantageous trait may become an advantageous trait in the future but it will be lost through the generations of selective breeding against it and are difficult to get back. As a result, this affects the evolution of the species as a whole because they develop and change to suit the desirable traits chosen which results in the undesirable traits being lost altogether.

What are the purposes of accurately and positively identify purebred and commercial cattle? (2 pts)

If a cow, displaying the ‘double muscled’ characteristic was produced, this enables the breeder to inbreed this cow, with the original homozygous recessive bull to create a purely ‘Belgian Blue’ breed. Other technology has increased the concentration of these desirable traits. To ensure farmers are not jeopardising their stock population, artificial insemination is a new form of genetic engineering technology. Artificial insemination/embryo breeding is a process that involves inserting the semen sample of a bull and inserting it into the heifers uterus. Or taking eggs from a heifer and semen from a bull and inserting into the uterus of another heifer. This process can increase the concentration of selective breeding as the cows with less desirable traits are enable to breed as farmers insert reproductive cells of the biggest and best cattle into to the average cows and therefore increase production of offspring. Embryo breeding has become reasonably affordable and therefore farmers can increase productivity to meet increased meat

If looking at the contrast that Gene Veith gives to modern and postmodern views I would fit mostly with the modern view but with a few exceptions. For example I value diversity and culture unlike the framework he gave for modernity. I understand that these are only a generalization of the two but they helped me to understand the two concepts better and to see where I fit among them.

However, because this article only talks about the positives that genomic engineering, a subdivision of biobanking, entails, it contradicts with Murray's article. Though Murray believed transgenic engineering could vastly improve the health welfare of animals, he stated lots of work had to be done before these improvements could be made, that the improvements could not be made over night. This contradicts Groeneveld, as here this article says “Genomic selection could only be implemented so swiftly and successfully..” when speaking on improvements within cattle breeding. Groeneveld speaks of implementing genomic selection so easily, whereas Murray does not. However, this article will be useful in relating to my claim as it has information regarding the improvements within the animal agriculture industry. Regarding gene mapping for the domestic dog, Groeneveld says, “Targeted and effective breeding programs over the past 150 years have created hundreds of distinct breeds that form genetic isolates with reduced genetic heterogeneity. This simplifies genetic studies because fewer susceptibility loci with higher impact contribute to complex disease and allow genetic breakthroughs...” As the dog has hundreds of spontaneous genetic

As scientists are experimenting with many methods of gene selection, the livestock industry are relying more on genetic selection. Genetic selection allow the farmers to produce the most fertile and efficient livestock. There are many impacts of genetic selection. Genetic selection allows the farmers to genetically modify the breed of the livestock to that mass production can occur to fulfill the need of consumers. With genetic selection the quantity and quality of meat and dairy production has been increased. I was not familiar with the technique of artificial insemination for reproduction biology until I took this class. I learned that artificial insemination is also a technique of genetic selection which allows the scientist to decide what kind of livestock they want. Also, to improve in fur quality of animal, the genetic selection is in used. With genetic selection, scientist can now improve the production rate of cattle. Genetic selection can also improve the physical characteristics of the livestock. To keep up with the world’s need in beef and dairy production genetic selections have a huge impact. Nowadays, the agriculture industries have been vastly improved because of the advancement in the genetic selections. Genetic selections also allow the farmer to modify animal more for either meat or dairy production. For example, Boer goat has been genetically modified to gain

Crossbreeding animals is a touchy subject for some farmers and ranchers in the United States. The reason behind this is because there are colleges trying to event new breeds like brangus(1/2 Brahman and 1/2 angus) but colleges are having difficulty with animal mutations when they start to cross more than 3 breeds. This causes animals to have 2 heads, leg deformities, and many other things. People may ask why do farmers and ranchers care? They care because when an animal has a deformity they often die, which causes the farmer to lose money. People are probably thinking why don't we just pure breed animals. In purebred operations offsprings are often mated to grandparents or great grandparents, and this often leads to inbreeding. If inbreeding

health as well a business life expectancy for farmers. Genetic alteration of plants and animals

      In the past three decades, scientists have learned how to mix and match characteristics among unrelated creatures by moving genes from one creature to another. This is called “genetic engineering.” Genetic Engineering is prematurely applied to food production. There are estimates that food output must increase by 60 percent over the next 25 years to keep up with demand. Thus, the result of scientist genetically altering plants for more consumption. The two most common methods for gene transfer are biological and electromechanical. “Early experiments all involved changing DNA using bacterial vectors”(Randerson, 2001). Through other advances scientists proclaim how they can improve the human gene pool. All humans have

Farmers have been making mate selection decisions for the improvement of livestock for generations. Whilst progress was evident, it was slow until the mid-20th century, when substantial gains in genetic improvement in both livestock and crops was observed. A good example of this progress is the increase in milk yield of US Holstein cattle which doubled from 6000kg per lactation in the 1960s to 1200kg per lactation in 2000. Up to 50% of this improvement has been accredited to genetic improvement (Dekkers and Hospital, 2002). These gains were brought about using quantitative techniques to estimate the genetic and environmental components of traits, as well as an improved ability to disseminate genetic material, such as cryopreservation of semen/embryos and artificial insemination.

Keggfarms was established by Vinod Kapur in the year 1967. It is one of India’s oldest poultry-centric organisations, set up with the intent to make essential contributions to the development of poultry in India. This was made possible by pioneering India’s first Genetic Breeding Program using the germ plasm (pure breeding stock). Keggfarms was among the first companies, in the developing world to come up with this with demonstrable results. As a result of Keggfarms’ intervention, India could stand as the only country outside the developed world, which is self-sufficient and self-reliant in high-yielding poultry and is able to compete favourably with the very best in the world. Therefore, this industry has developed on the basis of a concept that was pioneered and validated by Keggfarms.