AAC In Children with Traumatic Brain Injuries
Cassie M. Meche
Southern University and A&M College
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION 3
BACKGROUND 4-5
LITERATURE REVIEW 5-6
DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY 6
LIMITATIONS 7
SCOPE OF PRACTICE 7
WHAT I LEARNED 8
RESOURCES 8
REFERENCES 9
Introduction:
A TBI occurs when one has sustained tremendous and sudden amount of brain damage (American Speech- Language - Hearing Association, 2015). Brain injuries are classified as open or closed injuries depending on if the skull has been penetrated (American Speech- Language - Hearing Association, 2015). The leading causes of TBI’s include: falls, motor vehicle and pedestrian- related accidents, collision-
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In children, who experience this type of injury, it can be a very life changing experience, which can lead to a long road of recovery. In the early stages of recovery, children may not use speech or it may be limited because of neurological difficulty (Fager & Spellman, 2010). Fager and Spellman (2010) gave some examples of AAC that would help to make communication more effective. Nurse- call signals, “yes/no” response strategies, eye-gaze, low- tech boards to encourage interaction with family and staff, communication boards, and speech- generating devices (SGD) with pre- programmed messages were all examples given in the research (Fager & Spellman, 2010). AAC can be required for a short time period or some may need it for a lifetime. It can help to reduce communication and language barriers experienced in educational settings. This article- discussed several levels of consciousness and goals for AAC in children with TBI (Fager & Spellman, 2010). According to Fager and Spellman (2010), there are 3 “themes” in TBI that emerge; recovery from TBI is dynamic and takes place over time, cognitive- language challenges associated with TBI make AAC interventions particularly challenging for rehab staff, as well as family, friends, and school personnel, and that there is a need to plan carefully for transitions because children with TBI are likely to experience many transitions over their lifetime (Fager & Spellman,
Being home and at school are the primary locations for students and adolescents and where they spend the most time of their day. When a student is diagnosed with a TBI, it can dramatically affect their school performance. After a student experiences a TBI, school is one one of the many stepping stones where recovery and development is offered and can be used as an intervention. For schools to be able to offer the appropriate educational measures adjusted for the needs of the student, the appropriate support and recovery process for the student, schools having the appropriate documentation and knowledge about the student’s injury.
Traumatic brain injury occurs when a person is hit in the head with a blunt force. This significant force to the head can happen playing recreational sports, on the playground, being in a car or motorcycle accident, falling down at home and your head impacting something, a blast or explosion. Traumatic brain injuries are also the leading cause of fatality rate and disability, especially in children, young adults and elderly. TBI is a devastating condition that affects millions of people nationwide, because it can affect the nervous system permanently, it also messes with the neurological, musculoskeletal, cognitive and much more. TBI force a family to deal with not just the physical disability, with the behavioral and emotional roller
Traumatic brain injury is any damage caused to the brain. Individuals with TBI may show aphasia-like symptoms, yet the characteristics of TBI include mostly cognitive processes deficits. Those characteristics include disrupt orientation, attention, memory, visual processing, and executive functions problems. Penitents with TBI experience a blackout that can last anywhere between a few minutes up to months and usually wake up confused and disoriented. They do not have any recollection of the events that occurred. In addition to the common characteristics mentioned earlier, TBI patients exhibit communication deficits that relate to poor cognitive functioning such as problems with word finding, grammatical, spelling, reading, and writing. The cause of TBI is very straightforward, unlike SLI or ASD. Any injury to the head, for example motor vehicle accidents, falls, blast trauma, and more, can cause a TBI. These in turn can cause damage to multiple areas of the brain and impair motor, speech, language, and cognitive functions as discussed. It is important to note that unlike ASD that usually
Common causes include sports injuries, bicycle accidents, car accidents, and falls, the latter two being the most frequent causes among adults.[3] In addition to a blow to the head, concussion may be caused by acceleration forces without a direct impact, and on the battlefield, MTBI is a potential consequence of nearby explosions.[4] It is not clear exactly what damage is done and how the symptoms are caused, but stretching of axons and changes in ion
In today’s society, many problems and questions exist. The only way to solve these problems and questions is to study them. One problem that has been constantly studied, but still has no clear solution is concussion injuries. The issue of concussion injuries has many questions not answered. These questions include methods of treatment and the long term effects of the injury. Suffering first hand from a concussion, I understand the toll it has on someone. However, I’ve been to many doctors, and not one of them had the same answer to how to treat a concussion. This is due to not having another information. Treatment is one of the many topics on concussions that has been heavily debated in the medical field and rightfully so. I’ve heard
Concussions can seriously alter one’s life. Concussions are the result of moderate to severe impact to the head with another object. These impacts shake the brain, which is suspended in cerebral fluid, and cause it to scrape against the skull. Concussions can have mild to severe symptoms including insomnia, an inability to concentrate and headaches. Symptoms manifest both physically and mentally and may appear days after the initial trauma, with the possibility of lasting for months. Concussions are extremely prominent in contact sports such as football and hockey at all ages of play, professional to amateur. Multiple concussions may be accompanied by CTE, a neurodegenerative disease associated with
The article starts by an example of Matt Masterantuono has an concussion during an Ultimate Frisbee tournament in Walla Walla, Washington, which gives some background information to the readers. Then it started talk about the brain injuries or TBIs, traumatic brain injury. According to www.traumaticbraininjury.com, traumatic brain injury is a brain dysfunction caused by a force hitting the head. I learned that football players are most likely to have TBIs.
Traumatic brain injury in general is characterized by the changes in brain function due to some sort of a biomechanical force induced by either directly or indirectly as a hit or blow to the head (Facts and Prevention, 2015). Mild traumatic brain injury, which will be considered as equivalent term with concussion, was defined by the International Conference on Concussion in Sport as a complex pathophysiological process induced by biomechanical forces (Mccrory et al., 2013). This penetrating head injury will disrupt the normal function of the brain. The cause of sports-related brain injury can be induced by a direct or indirect blow to the head. Injury can also be caused by the force of impulse due to impacts on other parts of the body being
Imagine one day your are totally isolated from your friends and even some of your family for several months. The sight of light brings instant pain to your head and you begin to go through life with a constant migraine and no way to help make it go away. The sports and activities you have played your whole life, you can no longer play due to the symptoms of your injury. These are just a few of the repercussions student Lily Winton had after her tubing accident the summer of her Junior year of high school that caused her to have her third and very serious concussion.
According to the Center for Disease Control, traumatic brain injuries contribute to about 30% of all injury deaths. Traumatic brain injuries are classified as “severe” or “mild”. The most common type of TBI is mild and called a concussion. The CDC estimates 2.8 billion emergency
Traumatic brain injury also known as TBI is a primary element of mortality and disability globally. This injury is caused by a strong force, such as a blow to the head. Bob Garrett (2011) addresses that TBIs are the cause of 52,00 deaths each year in the United States. Mishaps are a dominant cause of brain injuries, and many accidents occur when drugs and/or alcohol are related. Information reveals that a large number of people tested positive for consuming alcohol or illegal drugs when being admitted to hospital. Studies also revealed that a great number of traumatic brain injury survivors consumed alcohol before the brain injury. This research analyzes articles on substance abuse before and after a traumatic brain injury.
According to the Mayo Clinic, traumatic brain injuries generally occur when people suffer violent jolts or blows to their heads or bodies. This may be due to any number of factors, including assaults, contact during sports activities, falls or auto accidents. People may also suffer traumatic brain injuries when objects, such as bullets, pierce through the skull and enter the
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is one of the most common causes of death and long-term disability in children (Kraus, 1995). It is an acquired brain injury that occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain (NIH,2016). The symptoms for Traumatic Brain Injury include frequent headaches, lightheadedness and dizziness. An individual may experience having blurred vision tired eyes, and fatigue. Even stressors prior to having an injury can contribute to the result of post injury. A person will experience a change in their sleep patterns, behavioral or mood changes, and trouble with their memory, concentration, attention, or thinking when they have Traumatic Brain Injury. Traumatic Brain Injuries can conclude to
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), or intracranial injury, is a medical diagnosis which refers to closed or penetrative damage to the brain that is caused by an external source. Every year, TBIs affect approximately 150-250 people in a population of 100,000 (León-Carrión, Domínguez-Morales, Martín, & Murillo-Cabezas, 2005). The leading causes of TBI are traffic accidents, work injuries, sports injuries, and extreme violence (León-Carrión et al., 2005). TBI is most often fatal when the cause is an injury due to the use of firearms, a traffic accident, or a long fall (León-Carrión et al., 2005). However, fatality rates and rates of occurrence differ in various countries due to
Traumatic Brain Injury is otherwise known as TBI. “Traumatic brain injury, a form of acquired brain injury, occurs when sudden trauma causes damage to the brain. TBI can result when the head suddenly and violently hits an object, or when an object pierces the skull and enters brain tissue” (NINDS, 2010). There are two main types of TBI, closed head injuries such as head hitting a windshield and penetrating head injuries such as a gunshot wound. As reported by the Global Neuroscience Initiative Foundation,” The severity of traumatic brain injuries is often assessed using the Glasgow Coma Scale, with scores ranging from 3 to 15. The higher the score,