Ultrasound Tomography

On later reflection I realized I could have though about interstitial cystitis, appendicitis and renal calculi. My multiple hypotheses for this patient are presented in Table 1.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] (2017), “Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the fourth most common type of healthcare-associated infection, with an estimated 93,300 UTIs in acute care hospitals in 2011. UTIs additionally account for more than 12% of infections reported by acute care hospitals. Virtually all healthcare-associated UTIs are caused by instrumentation of the urinary tract” (p. 7-1).

Being able to identify lumps, swelling, tissue damage, cysts, and the overwhelming news of the sex of a baby all have something in common, an ultrasound. Swelling of the spleen, kidney stones, blood clots, aneurysms, cancer and so much more can be identified through the works of an ultrasound’s imaging technique. Ultrasound involves many concepts, procedures, and careers. The amount of medical possibilities involved with ultrasounds is useful in major medical diagnostics. The field of ultrasounds and career opportunities are widely growing. As medical careers flourish, needs for technicians in many fields of medicine are increasing. Instead of a doctor choosing complex and risky surgery to find out problems within the body, they can now

Fig (31): Twinkle artifact (red arrow) behind a stone at the ureterovesicular junction. The stone was not visible on gray-scale ultrasound, and visualization of the twinkle artifact made the diagnosing of urolithiasis possible (Chen Q, Zagzebski J A., 2004).

Distal ureters are somewhat difficult to trace. The radiopaque densities in the pelvis and the vicinity of the distal ureters favor to be vascular in nature and less likely nonobstructing stones in distal ureters. Negative for definite hydronephrosis or hydroureter.

In physical therapy, the modality may seem as a minimal risk procedure when an experienced clinician correlates the risk benefit as being low. When using ultrasound for treating kidney stones, the risks are higher, therefore, the benefit is higher. The treatment is formally known as Lithotripsy, a non-invasive procedure that uses sound waves to break down kidney stones. Previously, kidney stones were considered a serious medical condition that required surgery. Therefore, the risk of treatment has higher significant loss and longer-term kidney injury can arise (J Ultrasound Med, 2012, p 10). Subsequently, medical procedures are viewed thoroughly to establish and compare of the risk and benefit for each patient. Ultimately, without the information about the risk to the patient, no procedure can take place (International Congress Series 1274, 2004, p.

Hai limy Good post, as you mentioned Interstitial Cystitis (IC) is the chronic inflammation of the bladder wall and is most common in women although men and children can suffer from it. Unlike cystitis, IC is not caused by bacteria and cannot be treated with antibiotics as common cystitis. According to the Article by Alicia NI, the latest research suggests that 3 million women have IC and they experience constant discomfort in article he bladder. In order to diagnose IC correctly, urine will firstly be tested for bacteria to rule out a urinary tract infection and then cystoscope used to examine the bladder. A biopsy may be needed to rule out cancer.

Urinary catheterizations are both invasive and traumatic to the pediatric patient and increase the risk of acquiring an infection. The automatic catheterization of children with suspected urinary tract infection is often unnecessary, as evidenced by the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, which reported "of 63% of febrile children screened for
UTI by urethral catheterization; screens were positive in only a
small percentage of cases, with cultures positive in only 4.3%" (Lavelle et al., 2016). Thus, a disconnect occurs in the actual necessity for the catheterization process. A less invasive technique, as proposed by Lavelle et al.’s employment of the urinary bag to retrieve urine samples prior to catheterization, provides an opportunity for new protocol in ED screening that does not increase treatment time, and does not compromise correct detection of UTI

Urinary stones, as known as Nephrolithiasis, a common disease that affects 1 in 10 Australians. The most of stones pass spontaneously, but some conditions, particularly ongoing pain, renal impairment and infection, mandate intervention (Macneil & Bariol, 2011). The formation of urinary stone is the calcium and uric get stuck together in the urine and becomes hard crystals. It can be small as the grain of sand or large as a golf ball (Health line, N.D). Patient whom has urinary stone will feel ongoing pain that as known as renal colic, when those stones become big enough. Renal colic is a pain caused by urinary tract stone blockage, it can be anywhere in the urinary tract that including the area from kidneys to the ureters, urinary bladder and urethra.

According to (Srivastava & Patel, 2014, p. 306) ultrasonography (US) is the diagnostic imaging of choice in that, it is inexpensive, readily available and lack of radiation exposure. Not to mention, (Crist, McVay, & Marocco, 2013, p. 7) added that when advocating for an appropriate screening device and examination, a cost vs. gain equation usually enters the decision-making process. My niece completed her renal ultrasound test, and the result turned out to be negative. Also, the doctor performed a genetic testing as strongly recommended to her. Furthermore, (Srivastava & Patel, 2014, p. 306) believed that a young at-risk patient who is asymptomatic and has negative findings on renal ultrasound would benefit from genetic testing as a confirmatory test since it does not rely upon age-specific criteria. Her genetic test is also negative, meaning that there is no defective gene found.

There are several reasons why a patient may develop ureteric calculi. These may be as a result of diet, chronic urinary tract infections (UTIs) and irregularities in anatomy, physiology or metabolism. In addition to these, certain drugs and/ or their metabolites may also give rise to ureteric stones. The most important environmental factor, however, is believed to be reduced fluid intake. Ordinarily, this will lead to decreased urinary output and a corresponding urinary increase in the solutes responsible for forming ureteric calculi. In further ureteric stone-related variations, there are differences noted between sex, age, race and

PadScan HD5 bladder volume scanner is a non-invasive, portable ultrasound imaging device that gives real time 3-dimensional ultrasound image of the bladder and measures the volume of urine held inside the bladder. The urine held inside the bladder provides an ideal environment for microscopic organisms and pathogens, which can lead to urinary tract contaminations, prompting harm of the renal structures, painful urination, and pyelonephritis (inflammation of kidney tissues due to bacterial infection in urinary tract). HD5 Bladder scanner uses ultrasound waves to calculate the fluid volume in the bladder. It is generally used in intensive care units, long-term care, rehabilitation centers, hospitals and GP surgeries. The utilization of HD2 bladder

Furthermore, both the peristalsis and the urine leakage can be recognized. The distance from landmarks, such as the bladder trigone, may also be calculated, while the adherent bowel loop can be located. Last but not least, this method enables the evaluation of the severity of the associated adhesions. During an ultrasound scan, an acute or chronic inflammation can be easily differentiated, thus providing valuable information to the clinician.

Ultrasound is the first imaging test performed upon the suspicion of Wilms tumor because of its efficiency, safeness, and good imaging characteristics. Ultrasound uses sound waves to create the images of the organ, meaning there is no radiation involved. It gives a good view of the organs in the abdomen, as well as detecting tumor thrombus (tumor growing into the main veins coming out of the kidney). Ultrasound is also used to distinguish Wilms tumor form hydronephrosis (Eisenberg, 2016). Computed Tomography (CT scan) creates quick and detailed cross sectional images of the body’s anatomy, and is one of the most useful tests in detecting mass in the kidney.

Micturating cystourethrogram (MCUG) or on another name is voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a type of imaging test taken by one or more pictures, mainly confined to children to show the pathway of urine inside the bladder by inserting a harmless dye to show up the bladder clearly on the X-ray. MCUG test will be in help with this scenario as its written in the clinical notes that the patient complain of recurrent UTI’s (urinary tract infections) which is the infection that frequently occur in adult and children caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or certain parasite; commonly caused by vesicoureteral reflux.(…..) However with excluded RVUR (vesicoureteral reflux) a condition leads the urine to pass back in a wrong way from the bladder toward