Urticaria

The history of urticaria is a fascinating account of mankind gradually growing to understand human diseases. The process starts with the many different names this disease has been given to in the past. The school of Hippocrates in 4th century BC recognized urticaria with nettles. The roman school instead focused on its burning sensation and is where Plinius named it uredo. In the 10th century, Hali Ben Abbas used the name essera because it means mountain or elevation, alluding that the welt is above skin level. In 18th century, Zelder called it urticatio, and in 1792, urticaria was the accepted name. A couple of words have been made during recent times but they did not clearly distinguish the disease from the other skin diseases. Some

The hives started in January of 2015. Small, mosquito bite-sized welts appeared in various locations around my body. Over the span of three months, the severity and frequency of these "bug-bite attacks" intensified. After crossing off the possibility of a bug infestation, my dad, who is a doctor, informed me that I was breaking out in hives probably due to an allergy. Hives are generally characterized as extremely itchy welts; they vary significantly in size. My dad and I spent countless nights researching different allergy possibilities before finally deciding to visit an allergist. All the while, the hives continued to intensify, almost exponentially.

According to the Genetic And Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD), aquagenic urticaria typically affects women but the symptoms start showing only around the time they reach puberty. When the person gets in contact with water, small red or skin-colored welts form — typically on the neck, upper trunk and arms. In some cases they can also form on other parts of the body.

When you experience an allergic or inflammatory response, histamines are produced within your body, causing smooth muscle contraction and capillary dilation, (as well as those annoying bouts of sneezing, wheezing, itching, and generally being miserable).

​Clopidogrel hypersensitivity is an intricate phenomenon. The reaction is complex and has varied pathophysiology resulting in distinct onset and presentation. Hypersensitivity may manifest as generalized, localized, or systemic reactions. Evidence suggests that the majority of patients with hypersensitivity reactions will present with generalized, cutaneous symptoms (6, 7). These generalized reactions may be an erythematous, maculopapular rash that is pruritic or urticaria without mucosal involvement (6). Rashes are typically distributed throughout the trunk and may involve upper and/or lower extremities (7, 8). Although less frequent than generalized reactions, localized skin hypersensitivity has also been reported. (7). These reactions are described as symmetrically appearing rashes localized to the face, palms, neck, axilla, soles of feet, or back. (7). Finally, systemic hypersensitivity has been described. This may manifest as generalized urticaria, fever, arthralgia, or angioedema (7-9). An evaluation of 24 patients with suspected clopidogrel hypersensitivity described a median onset of hypersensitivity of 6 days (10). However, the onset of these reactions varies and likely depends on type of hypersensitivity observed. A review of 62 patients with clopidogrel hypersensitivity revealed a median onset of approximately 5 days for both generalized and localized reactions compared to a median time to onset of 1 day for systemic reactions (7).

Hives can be a symptom of an allergic reaction. They may happen with other symptoms of an allergic reaction, including:

Eczema is a term used to refer to diseases of the skin. Eczema causes itching of of the skin, formation of blisters on the skin, the skin turns red and peels off. The parts of the body mostly affected are the inside part of the elbow and knees and also the face (Williams, 2005). There are various types of eczema which includes; atopic dermatitis, neurodermatitis, hand eczema, dyshidrotic eczema, contact dermatitis among others (Williams, 2005). The most severe type of eczema is atopic sdermatitis, which is a chronic skin disease. This essay will focus on atopic dermatitis by giving a critical description of the condition, statistical findings of the people affected by atopic dermatitis, how the condition affects various body systems and the appropriate medications that can be administered to people diagnosed with atopic dermatitis. This paper provides an overview of atopic dermatitis its diagnosis treatment options and other statistics about the disease.

Doctors from The Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital and the medical faculty of Charles University conducted a study of adverse food reactions and their relation to atopic eczema. Atopic eczema (AE) is one of the earliest types of atopy with the highest incidence during the first three months of life (Bonifazi and Meneghini, 1989). This study was brought forth from the idea that there was only a few population based data in existence. The objective of this study was an assessment of anamnestic data in patients with AE obtained through questionnaires and statistical evaluations.

Allergic rhinitis” is very comnon disease affects about 5-22% from world population with about 9% of all visits to physicians” for the allergic diseases [1].

Systemic anaphylaxis is a potentially life-threatening allergic reaction which requires immediate recognition and aggressive treatment. Cases of anaphylactic shock can be severe with potentially fatal consequences if missed diagnosis or left untreated. The specific incidence and prevalence of anaphylaxis are difficult to determine in part because of lack of recognition as well as the lack of uniformity in diagnostic criteria. Additionally there are no clinically useful laboratory markers or tests used in an emergency setting to either rule in or rule out diagnosis. Anaphylaxis studies show to be both under recognized and undertreated by medical personnel. Mainstay treatment for anaphylaxis is administration of epinephrine, first line treatment

Allergies can cause a variety of symptoms such as inflammation, swelling, irritation, itching, hives, or anaphylactic shock.

Atopic dermatitis is an inflammatory skin disease with early onset and with a lifetime prevalence of approximately 20%. Atopic dermatitis affects about one-fifth of all individuals during their lifetime, but the prevalence of the disease varies greatly throughout the world.4 Considered the earliest manifestations of Atopy, AD affects preferably children. The global prevalence has markedly increased and has tripled since 1960.13

The common skin problem atopic dermatitis is defined as developing allergic symptoms following exposure to some kind of substance such as dust mites or pollen that is normally harmless, but has caused an allergic response. Some dogs such as Boxers, Bulldogs, Retrievers, Shar-Peis, beagles, Dalmatians, and Irish setters are more prone to developing allergies than others. Atopic dermatitis doesn’t just affect canines it can affect other mammals too felines are also a common pet affected by this disease. Atopic dermatitis is characterized by presence of itching, redness, pustules, hives, and crusts. The most often affected areas are the face, legs, feet, belly, underarms, groin, and ears, but no area of the body is off limits. Some of the most common signs and symptoms of this disease that people should watch for are scratching and rubbing, redness of the skin, hair loss from repeated chewing or biting, licking, and/or scratching, skin rash, infections and irritations, scabs and

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Although commonly developed in childhood, it still occurs in adulthood with 15-20% of children and 1-2% of adults in New Zealand suffering from eczema. The underlying cause is unknown. Those who suffer from this are often faced with itchy skin which becomes red, swollen and painful. These symptoms can last a short period of time such as a mild rash or to a more extreme form and be present for a longer period (Southern Cross Medical Library, 2013). Due to the fact that the cause is unknown, treatments are used to only control it not to cure it. Treatments often involve the patients using prescribed anti-inflammatory moisturisers and emollients. Although these treatments are often effective, it is often hard to monitor children’s skin condition constantly which may result in the eczema affected area to become infected. When this occurs, children typically are required to apply steroid creams or even undergo a blood test (Ministry Of Health.,