Clopidogrel Hypersensitivity is an Intricate Phenomenon

Causes of hypersensitivity are unclear, but are possibly attributed to paclitaxel itself (via a non-IgE mechanism) or its excipient Cremophor EL via potential complement activation2. Premedication with dexamethasone, diphenhydramine, and a histamine h2 antagonist can reduce the incidence of such hypersensitivity reactions, but they are not entirely preventative. Boulanger et al3 reported the overall incidence of hypersensitivity reactions varied between 8-45%, where minor reactions occurred in 40% of patients and severe reactions occurred in 1.3% of patients. Such reactions predominantly occurred within the first minutes of infusion and mostly during the first or second infusion. In this study3, hypersensitivity reaction grades were determined utilizing the U.S. National Cancer Institute Grading System. In response to a hypersensitivity reaction, medications such as antihistamines, corticosteroids, epinephrine, bronchodilators, or oxygen can be used to alleviate symptoms3. After resolution of symptoms, paclitaxel can be

The most common side effects are itching, rashes, easy bruising, increased bleeding from injuries and purplish spots on the skin. The purplish spots are caused by small amounts of bleeding under the skin and bleeding from wounds can be difficult to stop.

You don 't come cross anaphylactic shock often, but you still have to be aware. Other severe adverse reactions that could include a fever and skin blistering; these usually occur within an hour of the medications being administered. Sometimes adverse reactions can develop over a few weeks, they may cause damage to the kidneys or liver. If adverse reactions are not treated they could be fatal. When individuals experience adverse reactions to medicines my workplace policy is to inform the GP and explaining in detail the adverse reactions, the staff member will then inform the individual/ team. GP advise and guidance will then determine if the medication is to be stopped. If the reactions are so serious then an ambulance should be called my responsibility is that I have duty to continue to observe the individual and monitor their vitals, speaking to them and looking at any changes, so as to ensure that the individual is not deteriorating. All adverse reactions and following advice given, must be recorded in full in the individual’s clinical note and referenced in their daily report also MAR’s chart. 4.

Rashes:- Rashes can be a side effect of taking medication if you have an allergy to the drug. This is because the body builds up antibodies that instantly release chemicals into the body which cause red itchy rashes.

An anaphylactic reaction (anaphylaxis) is a sudden, severe allergic reaction that affects multiple areas of the body. Affected areas of the body may include the skin, mouth, lungs, heart, or gut (digestive system). Anaphylaxis can be life-threatening. This condition requires immediate medical attention, and sometimes hospitalization.

Allergic contact dermatitis occurs when a person’s body immune system is sensitive to a substance, it causes an immune skin reaction. These substances include poison ivy, antibiotics, nickel (up to 10% of women are allergic to it) etc. allergic contact dermatitis develops over a period and once the person is allergic to a substance, the slightest contact amount causes reaction.

Mr BT has a medical history of hypersensitivity to penicillin, this indicates that he has a penicillin allergy. Penicillin allergy happens when the immune system reacts to the drug as if it were a dangerous substance instead of a helpful remedy. The immune system activates certain cells to produce immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies to fight the component of penicillin to which the patient is allergic too. Chemicals release by the immune cells can cause the signs and symptoms related with an allergic reaction. Penicillin is a simple structure and of low molecular weight. It has been identified that low molecular weight substances are able to illicit immune responses are called haptens. Alone, haptens cannot cause an immune response it must bind to innate proteins in the plasma and cell surfaces to form hapten-carrier complexes. Most haptens are the breakdown products which are isomers of penicillin (Neal & Michael, 2012). The beta-lactam ring is unsteady and when it binds to a protein it acylates lysine residues bring about in a penicilloyl epitope known as benzylpenicilloyl .These hapten-carrier complexes are recognized as antigen by IgE on mast cells and basophiles (Neal & Michael, 2012).

The student has a Type I (IgE mediated) hypersensitivty reaction to latex. This response is

Anxiety related to allergic response as evidenced by patient stating that “it is getting hard to breathe” and exhibiting anxious behaviors (Pillitteri, 2014, p. 1224).

These symptom then develop into a painful purple or even a reddish rash. The rash leads to blisters, that leads to the top layer of your skin to shed. Having the skin be exposed like this, can lead to more serious infections. It can also lead to blindness, damage to internal organs, permanent skin damage, and death. Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis is similar to the Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, in which it also has flu-like symptoms, then develops into a blistering rash. Skin peels off, nails and hair even began to fall out. It is fatal when the person becomes infected. The third skin reaction is the Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis. This reaction causes many small blisters to show up on the skin, along with a fever. This condition usually settles in about two weeks, but only if the acetaminophen is

Based on the patient’s culture and other characteristics, the physician should avoid using medical or technical terms like “allergic”. This is because it caused problems between the physician and the interpreter.

The rash can appear in more than one place on the body at the same time.

This research was conducted to demonstrate the usage of allopurinol can result in Cutaneous Hypersensitivity reaction. Stevens Johnson’s syndrome (SJS) is a cutaneous hypersensitivity reaction which occurs in 3-5% of hospitalized patients.1 These severe cutaneous adverse reactions are characterized by epidermal necrosis, extensive detachment of the epidermis, erosions of mucous membranes and severe constitutional symptoms.4 Despite the Low incidence, SJS has a high mortality rate as stated by BMC Medical Genetics. According to Pharmacogenetics Genomics, Medications are considered to be the major cause of Stevens Johnson’s syndrome (80%). The most common medication is Allopurinol. Allopurinol, an inhibitor of xanthine

Adverse reactions to this medication are migraine, speech disorders, rhinitis, sinusitis, hyperglycemia, elevated liver function, elevated serum creatinine level, pancytopenia, bronchitis, dyspnea, toxic epidermal necrolysis, anaphylaxis, elevated creatine kinase, generalized pain, and infection. Nursing considerations with this medication is to have the patient swallow the whole tablet and not to chew. Watch for aspiration while watching the patient take the medication. Educate the patient about the medication and inform them to notify a physician if bleeding

The study found a high cumulative incidence of adverse reactions due to HAART (44.5%), similar to those observed by other investigators (36). Most of the adverse reactions occurred during the first six month of treatment, explaining the observed pattern of adverse reactions compatible with the incidence of acute, common and nonspecific events. In agreement with previous studies, gastrointestinal complaints and epidermal necrolysis and other dermatological adverse effects were the reactions most frequently reported (36, 37, 53). However unlike previous studies; peripheral neuropathy was counts for (65.2%) of the adverse reactions within regimen (1a). In addition, despite limited information, most reactions were light to moderate.