Use of Energy by the Human Body

“Explain the physiology of two named body systems in relation to energy metabolism in your body”

Then, a phosphate is added to one of the the three carbon molecules, in addition to the reduction of NAD⁺ to NADH via triosephosphate dehydrogenase. In the first ATP generating step, a phosphate is transferred form the product of the last reaction to ADP via phosphoglycerate kinase. The next step switches the position of a phosphate group to yield 2-phosphoglycerate. Enolase then catalyzes a dehydration reaction to yield phophoenolpyruvate. The last energy producing step of glycolysis transfers a phosphate group to ADP and in the process, forms

Explain The Physiology Of Two Named Body Systems In Relation To Energy Metabolism In The Body

In our bodies we need energy so that we could do things that are possible such as; move our muscles, talk and all the other things that we do. Without energy all humans would be useless not being able to do anything. Energy is needed to extract the oxygen from the areas in our bodies and diffuse it into our bloodstream. As warm blooded we can only digest food and function if our bodies are at a certain temperature and have enough energy, and energy is required for this. We need energy to move our muscles which also only operate when they are warm. Coldblooded humans use the energy from the environment as well as from their food. Energy is the capacity to do work in our bodies. That means doing

The liver synthesizes glycogen from glucose which is process called glycogenesis. After that process, glycogen or glucose must be converted to glucose-6-phosphate before energy can be generated. Glucose-1-phosphate is converted to glucose-6-phosphate. Glycolysis requires 10 to 12 enzymatic reactions for the breakdown of glycogen to pyruvic acid, which is then converted to lactic acid. All steps in the pathway and all of the enzymes involved operate within the cell cytoplasm. (Wilmore, J.) For each glycogen broken down, the result is 3 molecules of ATP.

In contrast, there are four metabolic stages happened in cellular respiration, which are the glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, in which catabolism is begun by breaking down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. Two molecules of ATP are produced too. Some of they either enter the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) or the electron transport chain, or go into lactic acid cycle if there is not enough oxygen, which produces lactic acid. The citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, which completes the breakdown of glucose by oxidizing a derivative of pyruvate into carbon dioxide. The citric acid cycle produced some more ATPs and other molecules called NADPH and FADPH. After this, electrons are passed to the electron transport chain through

The central nervous system finds an alternative source of energy derived from fatty acids. This energy comes for the process of lipolysis in adipose tissue. Lipolysis it is the brake down of triglycerides that produces a glycerol and three fatty acids. These fatty acids are converted to acetyl CoA. In the liver, ketone bodies are produced from the over production of acetyl CoA (2). The liver produces ketone bodies because it can no longer metabolize acetyl CoA in the Krebs cycle to provide energy. As the fuel source, ketones flow from the liver into the blood which transports them where energy is required. Once they reach their destination, such as the brain of skeletal muscles (2), they are converted back into acetyl CoA and produce energy through the Krebs cycle. Because ketones are lost in urine due to the Krebs cycle not having enough intermediate oxaloacetate, low amounts of energy are available. Even though ketone bodies provide energy for the body, some processes still need glucose. The glycerol derived from lipolysis can be used to make pyruvate and, ultimately, glucose through

Sugar the body has stored from your food as the protein glycogen, needs to be used to contract muscles and spur movement.

It also helps in the absorption of calcium from the digested food. The energy is normally used as a muscle protector and the rest stored when not needed in the liver. A carbohydrate is also needed by the central nervous system i.e. the kidney, brain, and the muscle for them to function properly. When not enough carbohydrates is digested or eaten there is a breakdown of body protein. The foods that are mainly rich in carbohydrates are starchy food grains, potatoes, fruits, milk and yogurt. They can be found in these but in lesser amount vegetables, beans, nuts, seeds and cottage cheese.

The first part of the breakdown of glucose is known as Glycolysis, in which one molecule of glucose is broken down to two molecules of pyruvate (C3H4O3). The second part is the fermentation process in which the two pyruvate molecules are converted to two molecules of ethanol and two molecules of carbon dioxide.

The most effective method of ATP production is cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is the breakdown of glucose into carbon dioxide, water, and producing molecules of ATP( The Free Resource). There are three steps that involve cellular respiration: glycolyis, the Kreb cycle and electron transport chain. Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose. It mostly occur in the cytosol of the cell. During the process of glycolysis, a phosphate group from the ATP is transferred to glucose to produce glucose 6 phosphate. Glucose 6 phosphate is converted into fructose 6 phosphate with the help of an enzyme called isomerase. The enzyme phosphofructokinase change fructose 6 phosphate to fructose 1,6 biophosphate. Fructose 1,6 biophosphate is split into two sugar. Those sugars are dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceradehyde 3 phosphate. The enzyme triophosphate

Glucose – or sugar – is the main energy source for cells in the human body, in red blood cells and immune cells it is the only source of energy. Glucose is also the ’fuel’ for respiration and brain cells are especially sensitive to low glucose levels. Neurons also rely mostly on glucose for energy.

This is because the energy input is the supply of energy for physical activities and the expenditure is the amount of energy used up when doing exercise. This means that if the intensity of exercise increases more energy is going to be used so more energy is going to be needed as an input. This is due to the muscles needing the energy to work properly at full intensity. This means that the amount of carbohydrates and fat are increased because they have the most glucose in them which the muscles use to work hard. This also means that the amount on calories which are needed a day are increased because this is a measure of energy. When the energy input is the same as energy expenditure it is known as energy balance. (2)

Kinesiology, otherwise called human energy, is the investigative investigation of human development. Kinesiology addresses physiological, mechanical, and mental instruments. Utilizations of kinesiology to human wellbeing incorporate biomechanics and orthopedics; quality and molding; sport psychology research; systems for restoration, for example, physical and word related treatment; and game and work

Burke et al. (2003), recruited well-trained cyclists to undergo glycogen-depleting exercise followed by three different diets: a high carbohydrate diet, an isoenergetic alcohol-displacement diet, and a high carbohydrate plus alcohol diet. Post-exercise binge-drinking (1.5g/kg alcohol as