Essay Valve Case Study

Another possible internal structure would be a decentralised structure. A Decentralised structure is also suitable for Techno as decision-making and control are delegated to and carried out by subordinates. This relieves senior management of having to make many of the routine operational decisions required by the organisation. This structure is often associated with a flat structure and also has several key advantages:

The hierarchical organization structure is pyramid-shaped. At the top of the structure is a single person, who has a small number of people reporting directly to them. Each of these people has several people reporting into them and the number of people at each level increases as you move down the structure.

A Hierarchical structure is a term used to organise a business into different categories of employees that contain multiple types of groups, which would be typically in a chain of commands that is usually in a pyramid that contains a large number of employees, so the lower part of the pyramid having the responsibility of a small role, meanwhile the upper part of the pyramid consists of roles that carry a big responsibility. However, there is one rank that is one

An advantage of Tesco PLC being part of a hierarchical structure is having a clear authority in each of the levels. This is an advantage because of the various levels having different levels of responsibilities and authorities. As top of the hierarchical structure as shown in the diagram above is the manager director who is the one to have the most control and authority its where the managers will confide in for guidance. Due to being on the level under the manager director as the manager director for example will have their say over what the managers will do. As the hierarchical structure descends there’s less control and authority. Furthermore, is an advantage because Tesco PLC for example, would be able

Organizational structure is a system used to define a hierarchy within an organization which improves operational efficiency by providing clarity to employees at all levels of a company. A systematically outlined structure can also provide direction for internal promotions, allowing companies to create employee advancement routes for entry-level workers. In other words, it identifies each job, its function and where it reports to within the organization. Harley-Davidson’s organizational structure, for example, assists centralized control of the business through the company’s arrangement of its components in terms of their interactions and functions. As one of the world’s oldest motorcycle manufacturers in the world, Harley-Davidson Inc. maintains this organizational structure and centers its current focus on a limited number of markets. While the business continues to grow by international expansion, Harley-Davidson’s corporate structure focuses mainly on the fact that most of the company’s revenues are generated in the United States. Thus, Harley-Davidson has a functional organizational structure that is based on the company’s current focus on the motorcycle markets in developed countries, especially the United States, in addition to ensuring centralized control of business activities. The basic characteristics of Harley-Davidson’s organizational structure include Function based groups, Centralization, and Global hierarchy.

All in all, the cross-functional structure allows employees to create the set of functions they need in order to scan and monitor the competitive environment and obtain information about the way it is changing. With the right set of functions in place, Morgan Stanley’s managers are then in a good position to develop a strategy that allows the organization to respond to its changing situation quickly. Employees in the first line work level would communicate more with the customers. Under the cross-functional structure, the group can decide every aspect of a business. For example, the group formed to deal with real estate investment can make decision to set the price by themselves instead of the Morgan Stanley Marketing department. It will let the service firm keep itself closer to the market and customers.

The Valve Academic Research Consortium (VARC) is an organization that overlooks the TAVR trials and has met twice in San Francisco and Amsterdam and proposed a standardized endpoints for the TAVR clinical trials.58,59 The purpose was to standardize post-operative complications of TAVR such as myocardial infarction, stroke, bleeding complications, acute kidney injury, vascular complications, prosthetic valve performance, other complications related to prosthetic valve, and mortality. Other post-operative complications noted with TAVR are malpositioning, valve migration or embolization, conversion to open surgery and need for pacemaker implantation.60 VARC also proposed some clinical benefit endpoints: exercise performance, assessment of New York Heart Association ( NYHA) functional status, and various quality of life and frailty questionnaires. VARC recommended using CPK-MB as a periprocedural marker for myocardial infarction and required >20% increase with the second sample with elevation of a minimum of 10 times the upper limit of normal.

A short structure on the other hand has few hierarchal levels. It is very effective in an organization where there is direct involvement by the owner or where contributions from low- level professionals and free flow of information are encouraged. Another culture that supports this structure is the laissez-faire management environment in which employees are left to their own devices in accomplishing tasks with very little supervision. Such a structure works extremely well in the described cultures and leads to higher productivity. However, in a large organization with numerous products or covering wide geographical regions, it becomes ineffective because there are no clear reporting hierarchies. It could lead to disharmony and confusion. In

Organizational structure is a system that consists of explicit and implicit institutional rules and policies designed to outline how various work roles and responsibilities are delegated, controlled and coordinated. Organizational structure also determines how information flows from level to level within the company (investopedia.com, 2017). If one level or department does not undertake its function accurately the entire business suffers, because all the departments interrelated to each other. There are generally four types of organizational structure:

When it comes to business as any organizations it requires a structure, based on the resources and demands organization can changed or modify their structure. The most common two structures are vertical and horizontal structure which we see every business organization in global market (Bateman & Snell, 2011). In today’s any business organization theirs and important trait is not only the structure, it is the functions within the organization. An organizing function in management highlights the practices individuals use to interact and work with each other. There are many business organizations that are very successful in their own

Effective organizational structures define how job tasks are subdivided, grouped, coordinated, and managed. Six key components of organizational structures include division of labor, departmentalization, chain of command, span of control, centralization, and formalization (Remme, Jones, Van der Heijden, & De Bono, 2008, p. 79). Each element influence how employees interact with each other to reach organizational goals. Different structures are common in similar organizations among high performing organizations (Reimann, 1974, p. 707). The most appropriate structure will depend on the unique needs and culture of the organization.

Manager’s of an organization has to use structure to help the company run efficiently. “The five types of organizational structures are functional, divisional, matrix, team-based, and virtual network” (Draft, 2013, p.316). Functional structure in an organization that is developed by grouping departments by the skills, level of knowledge, activities done daily, and the resource used. “This structure places specific departments from the bottom to the top” (Draft, 2013, p.318). For example, specific departments such as: human resources, accounting, engineering, and manufacturing are placed at the top, while there are mostly seen at the bottom in other organizations. While common functions such as; people, facilities, and other resources are combined together as a single department instead of being divided into multiple departments.

The major problem every company encounters is the structure or hierarchy of the organization. Usually, it is in the form of a pyramid and gets narrower as it rises resulting in the few people on the top of the pyramid gets more advantages in the company. But the lower level employees are not given that importance when it comes to the utilization of the benefits provided by the company.

Structure and hierarchy come from how work and the work processes are coordinated together and relating how tasks and coordination of these tasks is to be obtained. When determining the authority in the structure of an organization, there are two major options, centralized and decentralized. A centralized organizational setup is where the authority to make important decisions is retained by managers at the top of the created hierarchy whereas a decentralized organizational setup is where the authority to make important decisions about organizational resources and to initiate new projects is delegated to managers at all levels in the hierarchy. Each choice is made based upon the main goal/task of the organization and what would better fit the organization. Whether work/the

Organizational structure is definitely a must have in an organization. Organizational structure is designed to form and develop clear lines of order to control an organization getting the best use of the organizations resources. According to Mahmud Hasan, some advantages of organization structure are that is easier to control the resources and they can be rationed and allocated to different units to use them at their more productive use at a micro level. Another advantage would be that clearly defined reporting lines make it easy for employees to know whom to report to while reducing redundancies by eliminating extra or unproductive processes. Other advantages are to streamline processes by giving them more focus and adoptive nature, reduce cost because the controlling of various cost control centers are controlled at micro level. Lastly, another advantage is it will help reduce cost because the controlling of various cost control centers are collected at micro level (Hasan, 2010).