Vancomycin Case Study

2. Which antibiotic was most effective in killing the bacterial lawn on each plate? Which was the least effective?

5) My hypothesis: “The higher the concentration of antiseptic, the more powerful it will be at inhibiting/ killing microorganisms which cause bacterial growth.” This theory supports my result because as you can see the zone of inhibition increases due to the increasing concentration of antiseptic. The higher concentration of antiseptic means it has been less diluted, which means its more stronger than other more diluted concentrations, this high concentration will determine how powerful the antiseptic will be at killing/inhibiting the growth of bacterium, this high concentration of antiseptic will break down the bacterial cell wall, after this process has happened the antiseptic can stop the mutation of the bacteria and inhibit the

The problem that this experiment is trying to solve is whether or not Staphylococcus epidermidis is resistant or susceptible to various antibiotics. The independent variable for the experiment is the type of antibiotic being used against the bacteria(Ampicillin, Streptomycin, Penicillin, and Tetracycline). The

From a swab from the MSA plate a lawn of bacteria will be made on a Muller-Hinton plate. Four evenly spaced antibiotic disks will be placed on the plate. The plate will be left to incubate. After an incubation period the diameter of the zone of clearing will be measured to determine the resistance of the bacteria to the antibiotics. This test is not used to determine the bacterial species; it is just used to discover what antibiotics will be the most effective. Knowing all one can form a hypothesis of this experiments outcome: it is very likely if the swabbing of the nose and remaining tests are executed properly that there will be a species of Staphylococcus detected. If the MSA plate is turned yellow by the pH indicator its probable that the species Staphylococcus aureus specifically was detected, this will be proven or disproven by the antibody agglutination test. If the MSA plate maintains a red color its still a species of Staphylococcus the specific species is just unknown. The gram stain should show a purple in color cocci clustered bacterial formation. As Staphylococcus is gram positive and has a cocci cluster

Tanashie Jacquecin is a junior at Delaware State University, originally from Massachusetts, she has lived in Delaware for about seven years. She is currently pursuing her BA in Mass Communication, with a focus on Public Relations. Tanashie is a member of PRSSA: Public Relation Student Society of America, and The National Society of Leadership of Success. She is also an inspire scholar and has been successful in keeping her GPA above 3.5. When Tanashie is not studying, she is working part-time at Dover Downs or taking MMA classes.

The Kirby- Bauer method is used to test antibiotics sensitivity to the microbe. Some antibiotics have broad-spectrum effect, which means they inhibit the growth of more than one microbe; while narrow spectrum only have an effective on one group of microbe. In order for this test to be effective a lawn of bacteria has to be made on Mueller- Hinton agar. This agar does two amazing things in the world of science. It contains a starch that makes it test plate transparent (easy to read results) and it control the rate of diffusion of the tested drug. Ampicillin, Gentamicin, Gentamicin, penicillin, and vancomycin are the fours types of antibiotics that were use to test the sensitivity of the microbe to them. The microbe was resistant to Ampicillin;

After 48 hours, the experimenter was able to obtain the Petri dish in order to observe what had taken place, within the nutrient agar plate, of the span of this period of time. The experimenter was able to establish that any clear areas surrounding the filter-paper disks were the zones of inhibition and they indicated that the antibiotic was able to inhibit the bacterial growth, and any cloudy areas of the agar demonstrated that bacterial growth was still able to take place within the given conditions. Thus, the larger the zone of inhibition, the more bacteria was inhibited within this specific environment. Quadrant 1 contained an Erythromycin filter-paper disk, which was able to inhibit the growth of Bacteria D. The Erythromycin filter-paper

A Studies done at MNH and MC found high SSI (Akoko et al., 2012)(Mawalla, Mshana, Chalya, Imirzalioglu, & Mahalu, 2011).This is contrary to another study at KCMC which showed low SSI rate(Kitembo & Chugulu, 2013)

Disease and plague had once completely and disastrously overwhelmed humanity for countless years. During the era when medicine was not as advanced and sickness and disease had run rampant, people had resorted to dangerous, unethical and unsanitary methods of healing. Desperate to alleviate the pain, doctors and healers of the time did what they could to make the pain and discomfort of the ill disappear. Though the intentions of many doctors was to heal the sickly, they did not realize there was a more scientific approach of solving many of their problems. On a microscopic level, there are bacteria and microbes that are attacking the body, causing diseases to ensue. In order to deal with the issue at hand, scientists had to figure out what could be used to fight these particular pathogens and not just what, but how much of these antimicrobials should be used. To better understand this idea of knowing the proper dosage needed for an antibiotic, we exercised this concept of minimal inhibitory concentration. The minimal inhibitory concentration is the lowest amount of the antimicrobial concentration needed to prevent the noticeable growth of the microorganism after incubating the sample overnight. Each group was given a specific antibiotic of

The specific infection gets tested with a blood smear in VA screening plates that contain (BHI) agar, so the Lavender Top Tube is used.

Capsaicin has been shown to reduce the amount of substance P associated with inflammation- however this is not believed to be its mechanism in pain relief. Capsaicin's mechanism of action is attributed to "defunctionalization" of nociceptor fibers by inducing a topical hypersensitivity reaction on the skin. This alteration in pain mechanisms is due to many of the following: temporary loss of membrane potential, inability to transport neurotrophic factors leading to altered phenotype, and reversible retraction of epidermal and dermal nerve fiber

The antibiotics that were resistant in Table 2 were deemed inappropriate for treatment. Those that were sensitive were investigated further. BNF for children does not recommend gentamicin as an antibiotic for skin infections so this antibiotic was ruled out. Tetracycline was also ruled out for the same reasons as well as the side effects it can have for under 12’s.

There is not enough evidence to conclude that the number of antibiotic resistant S. aureus increase along with time. The Figure 2 did have an overall increasing line of best fit, but the regression analysis shows that it is not statistically significant. In fact, the p-value and R2 for both vancomycin and tetracycline indicates that there was no significant relationship between the variables, and the points did not have any clear trend. This conveys some major problems with this experiment and the design of the experiment. One of the factor that influence this experiment is that how much were the sample of S. aureus exposed to vancomycin and tetracycline. The resistant strains arise from excessive use of specific antibiotics. Vancomycin is usually administered intravenously, so it should probably not very exposed to S. aureus from the community settings. Tetracycline is also often used as treatment of MRSA in hospitals (Gilboy, 2011). Since vancomycin and tetracycline are frequently used for treatment of MRSA and MRSA infections are more common in clinical settings, this experiment should have collected data from S. aureus strains found in clinical

One example of a biological agent that has become more prevalent in the hospital setting is vancomycin resistant enterococcus (VRE). One of the major concerns as a pharmacist who is responsible for the pharmacokinetic and therapeutic drug monitoring in addition to dosing of certain antibiotics within the hospital setting is the resistance of certain bacteria. VRE is one of these resistant strains of bacteria that require expensive alternative antibiotics and is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates (Bartholomew,

9. The most effective antibiotic for Culture A is Chlorapherical. The zone of inhibition had a diameter of 31 millimeters. The larger the zone of inhibition the more effective the antibiotic is. The antibiotic is preventing the bacteria from growing, essentially inhibiting the growth and creating the circles. The clear circles around the antibiotic disks show the areas that the bacteria were not able to grow. The smaller the circle or zone of inhibition the less effective the antibiotic is against the culture of bacteria. The most effective antibiotic for Culture B is Tetracycline and Kanamycin. The zone of inhibition was 23 millimeters for both antibiotics. They had the largest diameter, thus the bacteria did not grow as much in comparison