3.6.6 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
There should be a maximum power transfer between the transmitter and the antenna for the antenna to perform very well. This happens only when the impedance Zin is matched to the transmitter internal impedance, Zs.
In the process of accomplishing this particular configuration for an antenna to perform very well, there is always a reflecting power which leads to the standing waves, which is categorized by the Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR).
This is given by [30]:-
VSWR=V_max/V_min =(1+|Γ|)/(1-|Γ| )=(1+S_11)/(1-S_11 ) -------------- Eq. (2.31)
As the reflection coefficient ranges from 0 to 1, the VSWR ranges from 1 to ∞.
3.6.7 Input Impedance
It is the ratio of the voltage to current at the input terminals or the ratio of the proper components of the electric fields to the magnetic fields at a particular point. Or in other words we can say it is the impedance presented by the antenna at the input terminal.
Zin = (Rin + jXin) ------------------ Eq. (2.32)
Rin - the real part, representing the power dissipated though heat or through radiation losses.
Xin - imaginary part, representing the reactance of the antenna & the power stored in the near field of the antenna [32].
3.6.8 Bandwidth
Bandwidth can be said as the frequencies on both the sides of the center frequency in which the characteristics
Single sideband modulation may be viewed as the removal or reduction of the amplitude modulation signal component. In order to see how the SSB is created, it is necessary to use an amplitude modulated signal as a starting point. (Rosu, NA)
Fig.7-a) Total harmonic distortion versus input currents at 1 MHz. b) Total harmonic distortion versus input currents at 100 MHz. c) Total harmonic distortion versus input currents at 1 GHz (various amplitudes of I_x signal and a fixed amplitude of I_y signal).
The bandwidth limitation of antennas is usually linked to their input impedance because it is the quantity which changes with frequency so improvement in impedance response can help us to enhance its bandwidth. This approach can be implemented into following broad categories:
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these subcarriers to a higher frequency band. Except for a multiplying constant (1=N), the above
Electromagnetic waves have unique properties which can be utilized for accurate measurements of very minute amounts of material, by measuring how much is absorbed by the material and is re radiated as heat to the environment.
We know that electromagnetic radiation is produced by accelerating charges. In the radio transmitter, electrons oscillate up and down and are thus accelerating. An electron will exert a force on another electron when they are some distance away, like charges repel. When the electron in the transmitter oscillates up and down, the direction of the force it exerts changes since the source of the force is moving. It takes some time for the change
• k = 1/(4πε0) = 8.99x109 N·m2/C2 ; Electrostatic Constant • ε0 = 8.85x10-12 C2/N·m2 ; Permittivity Constant • ̂ is a “unit vector along an axis extending through the two particles” (page 566).
There has been a lot of hype lately about having a HDTV antenna. Is it just hype or should you really get it?
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A signal can lose energy due to the resistance of the medium. This is called _______.
on a thin, ground-plane-backed dielectric substrate. The device is designed to anomalously reflect an incident wave 69
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