. Explain how the interaction of cytokines with receptors ontarget cells may be blocked.

Q: Plant reaction in response to pathogen invasion is the formation of ______________ to the cell walls…

A: Plant cell wall is a complex structure which acts like a mechanical barrier for restricting the…

Q: Summarize the functions of cytokines, chemokines, and otherinflammatorymediators.

A: Inflammatory response is observed in case of any traumatic event in the tissue that attempts to…

Q: Cytokines and chemokines are major inflammatory mediators. Using examples explain their principal…

A: Inflammatory Mediators An inflammatory mediator is a type of messenger which basically acts on…

Q: Explain how C3 plant leaf is different from C4 plant leaf and why?

A: C3 plants are those whose first photosynthetic product is a three-carbon compound, such as…

Q: - Explain another methods by which cytotoxicity is measured ?

A: Certain substances or mediator cells have the capacity to kill live cells. can be triggered by a…

Q: List the steps (beginning with activation of epithelial cells on the intima) leading to the rupture…

A: Cardiac failure or congestive cardiac failure is a clinical syndrome where heart cannot pump enough…

Q: Explain the structure of protective system in detail with necessary diagram ?

A: The mechanism of protection involves placing a barrier between the pathogen and the susceptible part…

Q: Briefly account for the origins and actions of the major types ofinflammatory mediators and…

A: The immune system acts through various means to protect the body against foreign antigens and…

Q: Describe PMCA pump in diseases

A: Plasma membrane is the barrier or protection which surrounds the cell and makes a barrier between…

Q: State with examples why a few pathogens are organ/tissue-specific.

A: Introduction: A pathogen is any microorganism that possesses the ability to cause disease. However,…

Q: A. Draw and label specific sites for IM, SQ, and Intradermal injections.  B. Enumerate various…

A: 1- MEDICATION GIVEN IM (INTRAMUSCULAR)  INJECTION SITE DELTOID , GLUTEAL MAXIMUS, VENTOGLUTEAL ,(90…

Q: Hay fever, also called allergic rhinitis, is a common ailment in the spring. People who experience…

A: The excessive immune response against antigens from various sources is the basis of the development…

Q: Define innate releasing mechanism and fixed action pattern.

A: Ethology is the branch of science that deals with the objective study of animal behavior. This…

Q: (a) Identify both the cellular component and the location of the component that is responsible for…

A: Luciferase reporter produces luminescence. If cells contain a luciferase vector, the luminescent…

Q: Explain how inflammation takes part in different diseases. Briefly explain this at your own words

A: The disease is defined as any deviation from the structural and functional state of the human being.…

Q: The endothelial cells found closest to the site of an infection express proteins called lectins.…

A: Endothelial cells are thin layer of cells which are found in the lining of blood vessels. These…

Q: Which of these types of cytokines do not match with the given description? A. Autocrine - The same…

A: Q. The correct option is D. Explanation: Autocrine: Autocrine signalling is a type of cell…

Q: Describe transferrins and dendritic cells in fighting off infection

A:

Q: Diagram the host cell receptors that distinguish self from nonself

A:

Q: Discuss the potential side effect of the drugs cyclosporineand tacrolimus, which function by…

A: Cyclosporine is a particular drug that is used to prevent organ rejection, during organ like kidney,…

Q: (a) Compare and contrast some of the different mechanisms used by pathogens to establish an…

A: Pathogens are organisms that are harmful to the host as they have the ability to cause disease. They…

Q: Describe the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of drugs that modulate histamine, COX and LOX pathways,…

A: 1.-ANTIINFLAMMATORY MECHANISMS OF DRUG TO THAT MODULATE  HISTAMINE ,COX ,AND LOX -the most important…

Q: Which is an example of chemotaxis? the attachment of phagocytes to a microorganism by binding to…

A: Introduction  A reaction that takes place within an organism with the goal of protecting it from…

Q: Explain how pyrogens help fight an infection.

A: Bacteria are microscopic organisms which belong to prokaryote because these are unicellular…

Q: Define emulsify

A: Emulsification has wide variety of uses like in pharmaceutical industries, chemical synthesis,…

Q: Many of the inflammatory mediators produced by tissue macrophages at sites of infection act on the…

A: Inflammation is a defensive mechanism used by the host against injuries and infections. The…

Q: Explain the problem when a virus attacks T-helper cells

A: The immune system of our body plays a major role in protecting our body from infections by…

Q: for each stage of pethogens explain how pathogens do expose the host tissue (exposure), then how to…

A: EXPOSURE/CONTACT   An encounter with pathogen is known as exposure. Fr a pathogen to cause disease,…

Q: Cell Signalling. Use the topic and relate the topic for initiation progression and…

A: Cell signaling It is part of complex system of communication that governs basic cellular activities…

Q: Summarize the importance of cytokines, and list one pro-inflammatory and one anti-inflammatory…

A: Immunology is a branch of Biomedical Science that covers the study of the immunological system in…

Q: Explain the path of a monocyte from the blood to the tissue during inflammation

A:

Q: ........ functional barrier that prevents passage of antibiotics, and toxins from the blood to…

A: The nervous system is the complex part which consists of network of nerve cells and fibers that is…

Q: Explain how mast cells can be activated independently of IgE.

A: Mast cells are tissue-resident cells with a well-defined pathogenic involvement in allergy. They…

Q: Describe the potential problems that would arise if a personhad an acquired inability to phagocytose…

A: Immunity can be defined as the ability of the organism to resist against infections or diseases by…

Q: Write their biological role of cytokines

A: Cytokines are Low molecular mass soluble protein, non-immunoglobulin in nature, secreted by a…

Q: Describe the development of incompatible tissue graft reactions.

A: Introduction: When a donor's organ is transplanted to a recipient the immune system of the recipient…

Q: explain how a viral infection results in elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines

A: Cytokines can be produced by CD4 cells, CD8 cells, and macrophages in response to exogenous antigen,…

Q: Explain Which Enhanced phagocytosis of a cell by the binding of a specific protein is called…

A: The body's operation is extremely complicated. Different organ systems are important in sustaining…

Q: Explain the steps of inflammation and how they lead to the destruction of a pathogen

A: Inflammation is a local immune response produced by the cells towards the presence of any pathogenic…

Q: Explain why inflammation can be beneficial. Explain why fever can be beneficial.

A: Inflammation is a type of Innate immunity which is present in an individual from the time of their…

Q: : At the edge of a wound cells need to respond to the loss of connections to other cells. Explain…

A: At wounds edge the cells damage and hence they loss the connections or communication with the nearby…

Q: give the basics of a disease and its relationship to a faulty signal transduction pathway. Describe…

A: There are various diseases caused due to alteration in signal pathway transduction such as cancer,…

Q: Hay fever, also called allergic rhinitis, is a common ailment in the spring. People who experience…

A: Allergic rhinitis is treated by medications such as chromones, leukotriene receptor antagonists,…

Q: Hay fever, also called allergic rhinitis, is a common ailment in the spring. People who experience…

A: Hay fever or allergic rhinitis is manifested in the spring when air is loaded with pollen.

Tissue regeneration & repair

Tissue regeneration involves the restoration of tissue components by regrowth of damaged tissues. In contrast, tissue repair involves patching of injured tissue rather than restoring it. It is the proliferative capacity of the cells that decides the amount of regeneration against the repair that would occur in the tissue. Both regeneration and repair depending on the duration of the injury and response to the inflammation.