Define innate releasing mechanism and fixed action pattern.

Q: Describe the blood cells associated with innate defenses, and detail how theyfunction.

A: Immunology is a section of biology that includes the study of molecules, cells, and organs that…

Q: example of target cell mind map

A: Regular Killer Cells Target cell acknowledgment by newly detached human NK cells incites a bunch…

Q: What is the relationship of adherent cells and trypsin in Animal cell culture?

A: Trypsinization  is the process of cell dissociation using trypsin, a proteolytic enzyme which breaks…

Q: Which Escherichia coli genes are activated and which arerepressed during the stringent response, and…

A: Bacteria are microorganism that most commonly occur in the soil, air, water and in adverse…

Q: DEfine Cx43—the most ubiquitously

A: Connexin 43 is a Gap junction alpha-1 channel protein.

Q: Define sensitization.

A: Sensitization is defined as the mechanism by which a B cell sustains to become reactive in contrast…

Q: List four innate defensive responses present in the body, and explainhow each type functions to…

A: Innate immunity is the nonspecific defense mechanisms that gets activated immediately or within…

Q: Explain the structure of protective system in detail with necessary diagram ?

A: The mechanism of protection involves placing a barrier between the pathogen and the susceptible part…

Q: Describe two early induced responses and whatpathogens they affect.

A: Immunity is defined as the ability of an organism to prevent the entry of harmful microbes in the…

Q: Briefly account for the origins and actions of the major types ofinflammatory mediators and…

A: The immune system acts through various means to protect the body against foreign antigens and…

Q: Describe PMCA pump in diseases

A: Plasma membrane is the barrier or protection which surrounds the cell and makes a barrier between…

Q: In what ways does innate immunity protect the mammaliandigestive tract?

A: Innate immunity is the natural immunity present in all animals. It is the primary defense mechanism.

Q: What happens when there is a failure to protect at a portal of entry?

A: Portals are the entry sites of pathogens into the body through which they take entry inside the…

Q: What Release histamine, promote inflammation?

A: The question is about the release of histamine and the reason for inflammation.

Q: The orderly sequence observed in the unfolding of many basic responses can be attributed to…

A: Epigenetics deals with heritable changes in gene expression but does not influence changes to the…

Q: Compare and contrast the primary and the secondary responses.

A: Immunity is the capability of the body to fight against foreign attacks (antigens) and maintain the…

Q: Explain how the nervous system controls the process ofbreathing.

A: In human body, the nervous system is defined as the system  of control and coordination of different…

Q: Illustrate with diagrams and briefly explain the proteolysis of an immunoglobulin with (i) papain,…

A: The glycoprotein molecules produced by plasma cells or white blood cells are known as the…

Q: Detail how innate defense differs from adaptive defense

A: The innate immune system is the non-specific, non-pathogen-induced immune system present in the body…

Q: Diagram the sequence of events by which a virus-infected cell isattacked and destroyed by cytotoxic…

A: Virus is a micro organism that invades a living cell to infect the host organism by release of viral…

Q: Define nodes of Ranvier.

A: Glial cells are the cells supporting the central as well as peripheral nervous system functions.…

Q: Diagram the host cell receptors that distinguish self from nonself

A:

Q: Characterize pattern recognition receptors and pathogen-associatedmolecular patterns.

A: The immune system of the body is regulated by a network of cells that monitors the body for the…

Q: Part C: POSITIVITY AND NEGATIVITY Read each situation below and complete the negative and positive…

A: Animal organ systems constantly adjust to internal and external changes through a process called…

Q: Why regulatory T cells important?

A: T cells are the immune cell especially play vital role in adaptive immunity . Generally , T helper…

Q: Summary of the role of the innate system in defense against invading pathogens.

A: The innate immune system is the body's first line of defense against pathogens entering the body.

Q: While it is obvious that the tadpole’s tail muscles and skin die, is this death murder or induced…

A: The insusceptible framework is an organization of natural cycles that shields a living being from…

Q: Which line of defense includes low temperature that inhibits the growth of bacteria?

A: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM is a complicated network of cells that is usually defined to state that they are…

Q: Identify the note on the Role of markers and receptors in presentation and activation.

A: Introduction  Our immune system plays key role in defence against harmful foreign particles be it…

Q: Compare the advantages and disadvantages between humoral response and cell mediated response

A: The immune response is the immunity provided by reaction of the immune cells and fluids of the body…

Q: How do TLRs recognize PAMPs?

A: Answer: Introduction: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a proteins group which has role in the innate…

Q: Define emulsify

A: Emulsification has wide variety of uses like in pharmaceutical industries, chemical synthesis,…

Q: Explain the problem when a virus attacks T-helper cells

A: The immune system of our body plays a major role in protecting our body from infections by…

Q: Explain two advantages of having memory cells when apathogen is encountered for a second time.

A: The infection is the invasion and growth of microorganisms in the body. The microorganism may be…

Q: Of which type of defensecell do worm infectionsstimulate the multiplication?

A: There are various ways to prevent illness such as by sanitation, but the best way for prevention is…

Q: Define the term fight-or-flight response?

A: A group of changes that occur in the body of human being that  help a person fight or take flight in…

Q: Describe one invertebrate defense mechanism and discuss how it is an evolutionary adaptation…

A: To discuss: One invertebrate defense mechanism How that mechanism retained in vertebrates.

Q: Alpha subunit of voltage-gated ion channels serve as toxin binding site pore Gate O voltage sensor

A: Alpha subunit of voltage gated ion channel forms an ion conduction pore while beta subunit helps in…

Q: Provide one common feature and two differences between B-cell receptors and PRRs.

A: The BCRs (B cell receptors) are the transmembrane protein found on the surface of the B cells. They…

Q: Summary of the role of the innate system in defense against invading pathogens.

A: We know that The innate immune system is the body's first line of defense against pathogens entering…

Q: In what ways does innate immunity protect the mammalian digestive tract?

A: The immune system is a well-known term that they are stated as the complex network of cells and…

Q: Describe the events in sensitization and provocation.

A: Hypersensitivity is an inappropriate immunological response of the immune system that is harmful to…

Q: n the figure, cells of the secrete HCI, which

A: The parietal cells in the Stomach epithelium secrete HCl, which helpsin the digestive process and to…

Q: - How do innate response cells kill pathogens like viruses? - How do adaptive response cells kill…

A: Innate immunity is the defense against foreign bodies present since birth. It provides a…

Q: Describe in detail, the information on how to keep out pathogens? and what is the body's first line…

A: The innate immune system functions to provide nonspecific defense against pathogenic invaders. It…

Q: What is the defensemechanism that begins towork when inflammation failsto stop an infection?

A: The initial non-specific response of the defense system was produced against infectious parasites,…

Q: Explain the sensitization phenomenon

A: The nervous framework is a profoundly mind boggling part of a creature that facilitates its…

Animal Behavior

Animal behavior can be defined as all the things that animals do. In response to a stimulus, an animal performs a certain fixed action pattern, or FAP, of behavior. This response occurs to make the animal more adaptable to change. So, behavior is generally a stimulus-oriented response. A behavior is an expression of the capabilities of the nervous system. A stimulus is determined by the environment, while the nervous system determines a response.