1) A flange coupling connects two 50mm shafts. The flanges are fitted with 4 bolts of SAE1040 steel on an 80mm bolt circle. The shaft runs @ 360 rpm & transmits 30kW. Assume a factor of safety 4, ultimate tension of 490x103 kPa; ultimate shear of 400x103 kPa, determine: (a) the torque transmitted in kN-m; (b) the minimum diameter of the bolts required based on commercial sizes; (c) the minimum thickness of the flange

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Combined Loading

Any functioning component, such as machine parts, structural members, pressure vessels, and so on, are all under the influence of more than one force. When anybody is under the influence of more than one force such as shear forces, bending moments, axial forces, torsion, and so on, then such body is said to be under combined loading. A very practical example of combined loading is the crankshaft of an internal combustion engine (IC engine). The crankshaft of the IC engine is under high rpm, which is caused due to the torsional forces. Due to the presence of piston, counterbalances, and internal imbalances, the crankshaft experiences lateral forces and due to the rise in temperature, the crankshaft undergoes thermal expansion, which pulls the crankshaft along the axial direction and lateral direction. The presence of unbalanced loads along the periphery of the crankshaft also induces a bending moment.